Chien C. Lee

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Fungi 23 images Created 10 Jun 2016

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  • There is a magic moment that exists between the end of day and the fall of night - in the Bornean rainforest this is signaled by the wailing of cicadas, with the deepening darkness abruptly revealing many things that were unseen in the light. Here, a cluster of Luminous Porecaps (Favolaschia manipularis) begin to show their innate greenish glow at dusk. It is believed that this bioluminescence plays a role in spore dispersal: in the still air of the rainforest understory these mushrooms gain and advantage by having wood-feeding insects (which are attracted to their light) carry the spore to new locations. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The luminescent nature of a cluster of seemingly ordinary mushrooms (Favolaschia manipularis) becomes revealed in the darkening dusk of the Borneo rainforest. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Luminous Porecap (Favolaschia manipularis), releasing spores. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The haunting hollow skeleton of a fly is all that remains after being consumed alive by a parasitoid fungi (Ophiocordyceps cf. dipterigena) in the New Guinean rainforest. Two different types of fruiting bodies have emerged from the fly's body: the dorsal 'mushrooms' (ascostroma) are perfectly positioned to release tiny spores on the fungi's next victim. The tropics hold a great diversity of these entomopathogenic fungi, with undoubtedly many undescribed species, each apparently tailored to target specific insect hosts. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The dreaded Bullet Ant (Paraponera clavata), in possession of the most painful sting on the planet, here has fallen prey to an even more sinister organism: a parasitoid fungus (Ophiocordycipitaceae). The ‘zombification’ of insects in tropical rainforests has been well documented, but the incredibly precise way that these fungi control the behavior of their hosts prior to consuming them is not yet fully understood. Recent research indicates that, rather than invading the brain which might kill the insect prematurely, the fungus may directly control the muscles of its host like a puppet. In this way it can lead the ant to a location where it is more likely to infect others. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Unidentified mushrooms. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A cluster of large mushrooms (Armillaria sp.) emerges from the forest floor in Maliau Basin Conservation Area in northern Borneo. Parasitic on woody plants, Armillaria fungi can spread over large areas and be fatal to many tree species. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Veiled Stinkhorn (Phallus indusiatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orange Faint Foot Mushroom (Heimiomyces tenuipes). Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cup-fungus (Cookeina tricholoma). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Cage Fungus (Pseudoclathrus cylindrosporus) grows in the rich decaying humus of Mount Kinabalu's montane rainforest. Flies, which are attracted to the strong putrid odor, disperse the spores which are found in a brown slime secreted on the inner surface of the receptaculum. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bee killed by entomopathogenic fungi (Ophiocordyceps sp.). Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fairy Inkcap (Coprinellus disseminatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cup fungi (Cookeina sp.). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Bullet Ant (Paraponera clavata) killed by parasitoid fungi (Ophiocordyceps sp.). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • With almost a sinister beauty, this garden of parasitoid fungus (possibly Akanthomyces) sprouts its fruiting bodies from the back of a moth it has killed. These release millions of microscopic spores which are dispersed into the surrounding area. When ingested by another insect they spell certain doom. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Not all mushrooms have gills, as a view from underneath these delicate pore fungi (Favolaschia pustulosa) reveals. This species is widespread in Southeast Asia on decaying wood. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mushrooms (Amanita virgineoides). Tanjung Datu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon) has been killed by a parasitic Ophiocordyceps fungus which has consumed its body. Before dying, the behaviour of infected ants is controlled by the fungus, and are directed to climb to a suitable location usually on the underside of a leaf. There the fungus kills its host and produces fruiting bodies which releases spores to infect more ants below. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A robber fly (family Asilidae) killed by parasitic fungus (Ophiocordyceps dipterigena). This fungus specializes in feeding on adult flies. After consuming the interior of its host the cream-colored fruiting bodies emerge and release spores to infect new insects. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • It is probable that the luminescent quality of these small mushrooms (Favolaschia manipularis) serve to attract nocturnal insects which will aid in spore dispersal. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Moth killed by Akanthomyces fungi. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Veiled Stinkhorn (Phallus indusiatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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