Chien C. Lee

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New Guinea 155 images Created 10 Jun 2016

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  • The haunting hollow skeleton of a fly is all that remains after being consumed alive by a parasitoid fungi (Ophiocordyceps cf. dipterigena) in the New Guinean rainforest. Two different types of fruiting bodies have emerged from the fly's body: the dorsal 'mushrooms' (ascostroma) are perfectly positioned to release tiny spores on the fungi's next victim. The tropics hold a great diversity of these entomopathogenic fungi, with undoubtedly many undescribed species, each apparently tailored to target specific insect hosts. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • With a fleshy protuberance on its snout that can hang flaccid or stand stiffly straight, New Guinea’s long-nosed frogs are as bizarre in appearance as they are rare. The exact function of its elaborate rostral spike isn’t yet known, but being only found in the males it likely has something to do with mate selection. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A damselfly (Coenagrionidae) feeding on a pygmy grasshopper (Tetrigidae) which it has caught during flight. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Transforming into an extravagant bouquet of colors and shapes, a male Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus) puts on his best show in the hopes of impressing a female visitor to his courting ground. She has a critical eye for imperfections as she will be selecting him based on the merits of his display alone – a testament to his overall fitness and desirable genes. This selective pressure is the driving force behind the evolution of some of the most incredible avian spectacles in the world.
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  • Male parental care is quite rare in nature, but a variety of frogs throughout the tropics show instances where the father transports the young on his back. In most cases this involves carrying either eggs or tadpoles, but in a few New Guinean species, such as this Sphenophryne cornuta, actual froglets ride in piggyback fashion. A member of the Microhylidae, these frogs have direct-development larvae which means that the tadpoles morph into tiny frogs before leaving the egg, an adaptation enabling them to negate the need for a pool of water. The froglets will hitch a ride on the back of their father for several days before being dispersed in the rainforest understory. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea)
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  • Like a glittering jewel of the rainforest, the almost unnatural colors of a Eupholus weevil (E. mimikanus) probably serve as a warning to predators of its distastefulness. Considered by many to be among the most beautiful weevils in the world, most Eupholus are endemic to New Guinea.
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  • Scarcely larger than your thumb, the Buff-faced Pygmy Parrot (Micropsitta pusio) is the world’s smallest parrot. Here, a mated pair peer out from their nest hole that they have excavated in an arboreal termite mound within the lowland rainforest of western New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Inhabitants of cool mountain streams, Big-eyed Tree Frogs (Nyctimystes spp.) are nearly entirely restricted to the island of New Guinea (with a few species in Australia and the Moluccas). This species is endemic to the Arfak Mountains of western New Guinea. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • With his otherworldly plumage a male Wilson's Bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus respublica) shows off his gaudy colors at a dancing ground he has cleared on the forest floor. Endemic to only two islands off the western coast of New Guinea, Wilson's BoP is surely one of the most bizarre in a family of birds already renowned for their exotic appearances.
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  • Giant Prickly Stick Insect (Extatosoma popa). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Green Tree Python (Morelia azurea), juvenile.
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  • White-lipped Python (Leiopython albertisii). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Snow Mountain Tiger-parrot (Psittacella lorentzi), female. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Spinybacked Orbweaver (Thelacantha brevispina). Baliem Valley, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1913510.jpg
  • With a fleshy protuberance on its snout that can hang flaccid or stand stiffly straight, New Guinea’s long-nosed frogs are as bizarre in appearance as they are rare. The exact function of its elaborate rostral spike isn’t yet known, but being only found in the males it likely has something to do with mate selection. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912968.jpg
  • With the color blue being so rare in nature, it’s an obvious choice if you want to really stand out from the crowd. The incredible coloration of this Eupholus weevil from the rainforests of New Guinea probably warns of its toxicity to predators, but in fact it actually possesses no blue pigment at all. Tiny scales which cover the beetle’s shell contain three-dimensional photonic crystal structures that refract light in a similar fashion to that of an opal stone. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912557.jpg
  • With over 60,000 currently recognized species (and perhaps double that still awaiting discovery), rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) are without a doubt the most diverse family of organisms on the planet. Most are relatively unnoticed because of their often diminutive size and secretive habits, but a few species such as this predatory one (Actinus imperialis) are larger and more colorful. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Magnificent Riflebird (Lophorina magnifica), male calling from display perch. Heard far more often than seen, these uncommon and extremely shy birds are responsible for the most quintessential sound of the Papuan rainforest. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With their spring-loaded jaws capable of snapping shut at over 200km/h, trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus sp.) have some of the fastest predatory strikes in the animal kingdom. However, this isn’t their only weapon: they also possess a powerful wasp-like sting that can either subdue prey or serve as an effective deterrent against any animal foolish enough to disturb their nest. There are over 70 species distributed throughout the tropics, shown here is one of the largest: O. tyrannicus from the steamy lowland jungles of New Guinea, its mandibles retracted and ready to strike. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Leaf-like pygmy grasshopper (Holoarcus belingae). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Lesser Bare-backed fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), feeding on fig. Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Masked Bowerbird (Sericulus aureus) male repairing his bower after it was destroyed by a rival bird. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • One of the most brilliantly colored of all the bowerbirds, the Masked Bowerbird (Sericulus aureus), prepares only a rather simplistic 'U-shaped' avenue of sticks which is adorned with several leaves and blue-berries. The extravagance of bowerbird displays appears to be inversely proportional to the gaudiness of their plumage. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1822654.jpg
  • The Waigeo Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis) is endemic to a single island off the northwestern coast of West Papua. Closely related to possums, this is a pouched marsupial, spending its entire life in the trees where it feeds on leaves and occasional fruits.
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  • Wilson's Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes respublica), male courting female at his display ground. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea)
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  • Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus), male calling from his display ground, showing the bright yellow inside of his mouth. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • It’s impossible for a single image to capture all of the multifaceted ornamentation of a male Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus). Depending on the viewpoint and which of his assets he chooses to flaunt, his display can range from a brilliant metallic green breast plate to a golden yellow nape fan. The remarkable curled tail wires, which often appear black in color, flash an incredible turquoise when the angle is just right – a tool he often uses to bedazzle female visitors to his courting ground. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The incredible vibrance of many Birds-of-paradise is in part due to the deep black feathers which make their more colorful plumage simply ‘pop’. A recent study looking closely at these black feathers found that they had a unique nanostructure that is super-efficient in light absorption. This results in one of the darkest blacks found in nature, rivaling those of highly specialized synthetic materials. Here, a Vogelkop Superb Bird-of-paradise (Lophorina niedda) waits at his display (a fallen log) for the arrival of a female. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Alpine grasslands with tree ferns (Cyathea tomentosissima) below Mount Trikora, the second highest peak in New Guinea
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  • Sepik Bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus novaeguineae). South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The complex ecosystem of the rainforest is filled with such a plethora of tiny hungry creatures that many predators may themselves become victims to something larger. Here, in the humid jungles of southern New Guinea, an unfortunate tree frog is being devoured by a large huntsman spider (family Sparassidae). With leg spans sometimes exceeding 15cm, these spiders spin no webs and instead rely on speed to catch their prey. South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716313.jpg
  • Spiny helmeted katydid (Sasima sp.) from the rainforest of southern New Guinea. The bristly armaments on this juvenile specimen serve not only to deter predators, but also to disguise the insect in the mossy forest understory. Helmet katydids (Phyllophorinae) comprise some of the world's largest species. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716280.jpg
  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715490.jpg
  • Rhododendron caespitosum, the world's smallest species of Rhododendron, growing on the trunks of tree ferns (Cyathea tomtosissima). Lake Habbema, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1714589.jpg
  • Uplifted by the collision of continents, the jagged limestone peaks of New Guinea’s Central Range rise to nearly 5000 meters in height. The alpine vegetation of these remote mountain ridges and valleys are home to a rich assortment of endemic plants and animals, many of which are new to science. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1714482.jpg
  • Orchid (Dendrobium dekockii). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A deceptive beauty: this tiny epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cuthbertsonii), which bears flowers that last for up to nine months and are larger than the entire plant itself, offers no nectar reward for visiting pollinators. However, it appears remarkably similar in appearance to nectar-rich Rhododendrons which have flowers the same color and size and grow nearby. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1713694.jpg
  • With a flair for home decor, the Vogelkop Bowerbird (Amblyornis inornata) produces perhaps the most artful creation of any animal, all in the name of romance. Here, a male bird shows off his collection of freshly collected flowers, fungi, beetle shells, and blue berries, neatly organized in piles laid out on a mat of meticulously cleaned moss. The twig hut in the back is not a nest - rather its construction is made entirely for the purpose of impressing a visiting female who will choose to mate with him only after a thorough inspection of his display. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1713491.jpg
  • Vogelkop Ringtail (Pseudochirulus schlegeli), one of New Guinea’s least studied possums, being known from only a few specimens. Like other ringtails, they are strictly nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on fruit and leaves. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1713385.jpg
  • A large male rhinoceros beetle (Beckius beccarii). This species is endemic to the forested regions of New Guinea. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Pristine coral reefs bordering white sand beaches and magical rainforest – it’s hard to get better than the remote Kwatisore Peninsula. Located deep within Cenderwasih Bay National Park, this oasis is connected to mainland New Guinea by only a thin ribbon of land. The rainforests here hold an abundance of birds (including several species of bird-of-paradise), but it is the incredible marine life that provides the star attraction. This is one of the best places to swim with world’s largest fish: the Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus).
    cld1713087.jpg
  • Camouflaged moth (Ausaris sp.). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Almost indistinguishable from the branch on which it rests, a Papuan Frogmouth (Podargus papuensis) perches motionless next to its chick. Like other frogmouths, these birds scarcely build any nest at all and rely on camouflage to escape the detection of predators. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Primarily restricted to New Guinea, helmeted katydids (subfamily Phyllophorinae) are readily distinguished from others by the large shield-like process which extends over the front part of their body and is frequently armed on the sides with sharp spines. Also, in a family of insects which are famous for their ubiquitous calls, these katydids stand apart for the inability to sing. Lacking the typical sound-producing apparati of most katydids, the method by which females and males of these species are able to find each other at night in the tangled rainforest understory remains a mystery. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Tiger beetle (Therates sp.). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This unidentified caterpillar which feeds on epiphytic moss, is camouflaged to look like its preferred substrate. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With tail feathers nearly a meter long, a male Black Sicklebill (Epimachus fastosus) struts his incredible plumage on a display perch high in the Arfak Mountains of West Papua. One of the largest of all the birds-of-paradise, this shy sicklebill is found only in remote cloud forests on the island of New Guinea. Although normally keeping to the tree tops, the male carefully selects an exposed perch lower in the canopy from where he will call and display for females at dawn.
    cld1608771.jpg
  • Endemic to the mossy cloud forests of Papua, a Mountain Owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles albertisi) rests by the day in a thicket of vegetation. Biologists once believed that these strange cryptic birds (family Aegothelidae) were close relatives of the frogmouths due to their similar appearance and habits. Studies of their skulls has revealed that they are in fact more closely related to hummingbirds and swifts. Almost the entire family (7 of 10 species) is restricted to New Guinea. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Superbly camouflaged, this lichen huntsman spider (Pandercetes gracilis) lies in wait for prey on the trunk of a tree in the Arfak Mountains of New Guinea. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This beautiful stag beetle (Neolamprima adolphinae) is native to the mountains of New Guinea. The oversized mandibles distinguish this male. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus cf. mikianus) from the Mamberamo Basin in western New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • As if fashioned from liquid gold, a nearly mature Nymphalid butterfly chrysalis (Euploea sp.) hangs from the underside of a ginger leaf. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The remarkable feathered antennae of a Callirhipid cedar beetle (Callirhipis sp.) from the montane rainforests of New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
    cld1414158.jpg
  • With over 320 described species and probably as many more yet awaiting discovery, New Guinea hosts a staggering diversity of frogs. This unidentified tree frog (Litoria sp.) was photographed in the moss forest of a remote mountain in the northern Jayawijaya Range. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1414044.jpg
  • A female giant shield bug (Lyramorpha cf. maculifer) exhibiting maternal care of her young nymphs. Like other shield bugs, tessarotimids utilize chemical defenses and are capable of squirting a caustic liquid when disturbed. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1414030.jpg
  • Stonefish (Synanceia sp.). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Widespread in New Guinea, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes maxima) exhibits a great diversity of pitcher forms and colors. Pictured here is a variety from the Anggi Lakes region of the Arfak Mountains. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A wide swath of virgin rainforest cloaks the foothills of the Kobowre Mountains in western Papua. Indonesian New Guinea hosts some of the largest remaining tracts of primary tropical rainforest in the world.
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  • Endemic to Indonesian New Guinea, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes lamii) is known only from upper montane habitats, occasionally growing as high as 3500m where frosts occur. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The upper pitcher of an undrescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The lower pitcher of an undrescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
    cld1314811.jpg
  • This pitcher plant (Nepenthes neoguineensis) is endemic to New Guinea where it can be found on lateritic soils near the coast. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This unusual species of pitcher plant (Nepenthes klossii) bears a concealed opening to deceive insect prey. It is extremely rare, only growing in remote high elevaton swampy forests in New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
    cld1314255.jpg
  • A Feline Owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles insignis) rests in a dense thicket of vegetation by day. This unusual family of nocturnal insectivorous birds, whose center of distribution is in New Guinea, is neither closely related to owls nor nightjars, and are placed in their own order. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1313872.jpg
  • The enormous Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), sometimes called the Goliath Cockatoo, is one of the largest parrots in Asia. It is found in the rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This small pygmy grasshopper (Holoarcus truncatus) uses its excellent camouflage to escape detection from predators. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Hikida's Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus hikidanus). Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus chrysorrhous) is a widespread arboreal marsupial occurring in the lowland rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. It is solitary and nocturnal, feeding primarily on leaves and fruits. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld06030745.jpg
  • Like some kind of karmic balance, it has often been remarked that the more plain-looking a bird is, the more beautiful its song, whereas those bestowed with gorgeous plumage tend to have simple calls. Research across hundreds of bird species has revealed a negative correlation between these traits, suggesting that there may be a trade-off in visual vs. acoustic signals when it comes to attracting mates. Likely falling at one end of this spectrum, Birds-of-paradise certainly are among the most extravagantly ornamented species in the world, but their highly varied calls often consist of harsh squawks and penetrating whistles, which although extremely loud are anything but melodious. Here, a male Wilson’s BoP (Cicinnurus respublica) raucously advertises his presence above his display ground, though if a female approaches he will fall silent and rely on his feathers for the real game of courtship. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Cophixalus rajampatensis, male. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Undescribed frog species (Callulops sp.). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Longhorn beetle (Sphingnotus mirabilis). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Javan Cucumber (Alsomitra macrocarpa), vines bearing nearly ripe gourds which will soon release their winged seeds. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Cup fungi (Cookeina sp.). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Modest Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus modestus). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), an introduced and invasive species in New Guinea. Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Competition for mates can be fierce at choice breeding sites, especially when the season to raise young may be limited. Here, among the ferns over an ephemeral forest pool, a male Black-dotted Tree Frog (Litoria nigropunctata) (on the left) uses his hind legs to kick an amplexing rival male in an attempt to dislodge him from the back of the female. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912732.jpg
  • Picture-winged fly (Cleitamia sp., family Platystomatidae) with spider-like patterns on its wings to deter predation from spiders. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912704.jpg
  • Wasp-mimicking moth (Xestocasis sp.). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912496.jpg
  • Four-spined Spiny Orbweaver (Gasteracantha quadrispinosa). Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1911823.jpg
  • Papua Wrinkled Ground Frog (Cornufer papuensis). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1911406.jpg
  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1822545.jpg
  • Western Crowned-pigeon (Goura cristata). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
    cld1822266.jpg
  • Broad-headed bugs (Riptortus sp.), juveniles showing mimicry of Oecophylla weaver ants. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1821021.jpg
  • Brehm's Tiger-parrot (Psittacella brehmii). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1820572.jpg
  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes papuana). Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716444.jpg
  • A bizarre jumping spider (Bathippus sp.) from the rainforest of southern New Guinea, bearing jaws longer than its entire body. The exact function of these seemingly ungainly appendages remains unknown, but they may perhaps serve as weapons in male-vs-male duels. South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716230.jpg
  • While pythons undoubtedly hold the crown for the largest and most famous constricting snakes of Indonesia, a single genus of boas also occurs in the rainforests of the eastern archipelago. Often overlooked, the Pacific Keel-scaled Boa (Candoia carinata) seldom exceeds a meter in length. It is an ambush predator of frogs and lizards, and like other boas, bears live young rather than laying eggs. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716132.jpg
  • Water lillies (Nymphaea sp.) in Dogamit Lake. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715596.jpg
  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715485.jpg
  • Earth-boring dung beetle (Blackburnium rhinoceros), male. This unusual dung beetle is a member of the family Geotrupidae, often referred to as the earth-boring dung beetles. They are known for laying their eggs in burrows which are sometimes provisioned with leaf litter or dung. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715349.jpg
  • Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps), feeding on sap of Acacia tree. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715344.jpg
  • The only member of its genus, the Plum-faced Lorikeet (Oreopsittacus arfaki) is endemic to the montane cloud forests of New Guinea. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Sundew (Drosera gracilis). Lake Habbema, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1714854.jpg
  • Giant ant plant (Myrmecodia lamii). The alpine meadows of central New Guinea are dominated by giant ant plants such as this one. Due to their association with ants they are able to effectively acquire nutrients despite the poor soil. Lake Habbema, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This miniature orchid (Bulbophyllum vanroyenii) grows on the trunks of tree ferns high in the alpine habitats of New Guinea's mountains.
    cld1714623.jpg
  • Uplifted by the collision of continents, the jagged limestone peaks of New Guinea’s Central Range rise to nearly 5000 meters in height. Here, at the edge of the island’s divide, thick clouds rise from the rainforest plains of the south and push up against towering cliffs. Papua, Indonesia.
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