Chien C. Lee

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Reptiles 229 images Created 9 Jun 2016

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  • Still wet from a passing rainstorm, a Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi) lies in ambush on the side of a tree, waiting for the approach of suitable prey. By maintaining a low metabolism and sometimes remaining in a single position for weeks at a time, tropical vipers such as this can survive by feeding as infrequently as once every few months. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few creatures possess a mastery of camouflage the way Madagascar’s leaf-tailed geckos do. This Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) sleeps by day on a rainforest liana, its outline obscured by frilled dermal flaps that line its body. By always resting in a downward-facing position they may be able to quickly catch unsuspecting insects that climb up from the ground and also conceal their reflective lidless eyes from predators lurking above. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Banded Malaysian Coralsnake (Calliophis intestinalis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With colors that seem to glow with an unearthly radiance, a male Osa Anole (Anolis osa) betrays his normally cryptic appearance to briefly flash his extended dewlap. Anole lizards are famous for these flamboyant visual signals – they are used to attract mates, ward off rivals, and even sometimes dissuade potential predators. A 2015 study found that the translucent quality of anole dewlaps was a crucial component in their ability to transmit these color signals effectively, particularly in shady environments; under the right conditions they possess an almost unnatural luminance. This species, which is endemic to Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula, spends most of its time on perches near ground level in the dappled light of the rainforest understory. Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
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  • Eyelash Viper (Bothriechis schlegelii). Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
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  • Sumatran Flying Dragon (Draco sumatranus), male performing territorial display. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Vogel’s Pit Viper (Trimeresurus vogeli). Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Like other small animals of the forest understory, this Borneo Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis) must juggle his attention between searching for prey (insects and spiders) while keeping a watchful eye out for larger predators. Although this species is unable to glide like the closely-related Dracos, it is nevertheless an agile climber and can move swiftly up and down trees. The impressive mane on the back of this male signifies his maturity - we will readily defend his territory against rival males. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The edges of this leaf-tailed gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) seem to blend seamlessly with the branch on which it rests. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Males of the Madagascar's Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus) can usually be distinguished by their elaborately notched tails, a trait which gives them better mimicry of a leaf that has been partially eaten by insects. Exactly why this is a sexually dimorphic feature in these geckos is unknown, but in some animals different camouflage patterns in males and females can arise where each sex spends their time hiding in different locations and thus face differing selective pressures on their appearance. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Males of the Madagascar's Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus) can usually be distinguished by their elaborately notched tails, a trait which gives them better mimicry of a leaf that has been partially eaten by insects. Exactly why this is a sexually dimorphic feature in these geckos is unknown, but in some animals different camouflage patterns in males and females can arise where each sex spends their time hiding in different locations and thus face differing selective pressures on their appearance. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • With night vision hundreds of times more sensitive than ours and the ability to discern color even in near total darkness, Madagascar’s leaf-tailed geckos (Uroplatus spp.) are superbly adapted as nocturnal insect hunters. Large eyes, however, demand special maintenance. Like most geckos, Uroplatus have no eyelids and cannot blink; instead, they utilize their long tongues like windshield wipers, keeping their eyes moist and clean. This is a young male Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (U. phantasticus), a denizen of the island’s rainforest zone and a superb mimic of dead foliage. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A large male O'Shaughnessy's Chameleon (Calumma oshaughnessyi) stalks up a forest liana, keeping an eye out for both prey and predator alike. With 360-degree vision, remarkable image acuity, and monocular depth perception, chameleons can detect insects that might be well out of reach, judge their distance accurately, and even distinguishing them from their surroundings when the insect is completely still. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Being as discreet as possible, a tiny Elongate Leaf Chameleon (Palleon nasus) makes its way across the forest floor at a snail’s pace, freezing whenever it feels someone watching. The adults of this species measure less than 9cm long and are at the small end of Madagascar’s chameleon spectrum. Their camouflage is a perfect adaptation for their specific habitat: the leaf litter of the rainforest floor. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae). Mantadia National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Greater Carpet Chameleon (Furcifer major). Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • One of the world’s least studied crocodilians, the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a rare inhabitant of the dark tannin colored waters of peat swamps in Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaysia. Due to their narrow snout they were once believed to feed exclusively on fish, however large specimens can reach lengths of over 5 meters and have more recently been observed to consume prey as large as Proboscis Monkeys, or in one unfortunate instance, a grown man. Although much remains unknown about their life history, it is clear that they are rapidly becoming endangered due to destruction of their peat swamp habitats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Undoubtedly one of the rarest and most peculiar of all Borneo's reptiles: the Bornean Horned Lizard (Harpesaurus borneensis). The males of this species are unique in possessing a distinctive horn at the tip of their snout, a trait not seen in the females nor found in any other Bornean lizard. Even more unusual, this is the only known agamid lizard in Southeast Asia to give birth to live young rather than laying eggs. As only a few specimens of this species have ever been found, its full life history and distribution in Borneo are still largely unknown. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Illuminated by a stray beam of sunlight, a Hognosed Viper (Porthidium nasutum) lies in wait on the forest floor, providing a reminder of why hikers are advised to wear high boots when walking in the Chocó rainforest off trails. These habitats are some of the richest in all South America, with a high number of endemic reptiles that are separated from their Amazonian relatives by the Andes mountain range. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • Asian Brown Tortoise (Manouria emys), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Two-banded Chameleon (Furcifer balteatus), male. A rare species, F. balteatus is known with certainty to occur at only a few locations in southeast Madagascar, and is classified as Endangered due to threats from habitat loss and collecting for the pet trade. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Sometimes referred to as the ‘Trees of Life’, baobabs (Adansonia spp.) provide food and shelter for many species of animals, particularly those surviving in the brutally hot and arid climate of Madagascar’s southwest. Here, a Southwestern Night Snake (Ithycyphus oursi) takes shelter during the heat of the day beneath a fissure in the bark of a Za Baobab (A. za). These hiding spots are sometimes shared with geckos, scorpions and Madagascar’s famous hissing cockroaches. This snake, incidentally, is one of the few venomous species on the island; while perhaps not dangerous to humans its bite has been observed to cause paralysis in chameleons. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Huntsman spider (Sparassidae) preying on a young Madagascar day gecko (Phelsuma parva). Tomasina, Madagascar.
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  • The rainforests of the remote Marojejy National Park in northern Madagascar are one of the best places to look for the island's unique leaf-tailed geckos. In addition to their superb camouflage, most species, like this Uroplatus giganteus, rest head downwards presumably to conceal the revealing reflections of their lidless eyes from arboreal predators.
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  • Carpet Python (Morelia spilota). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Like all cobras, this juvenile Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana), also called the Black Spitting Cobra and Sumatran Spitting Cobra, inflates its hood when approached by a potential threat. As an additional defense this species is also capable of spitting venom at distances of up to 1 meter, which is typically aimed with great accuracy at the eyes of its adversary. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Draco cornutus, in flight. Flying lizards of the genus Draco are superbly adapted for their arboreal lifestyle. They are capable of gliding from tree to tree on wing-like flaps of skin supported by their movable ribs. They feed primarily on ants. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Earless Monitor Lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) is endemic to Borneo where it lives in rocky stream habitats in lowland rainforest. Because of its extreme rarity (it is known from only a few specimens), its life history remains unstudied. It is the only species within its entire family (Lanthanotidae) but it is related to the true monitor lizards (Varanidae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Oriental Vine Snake (Ahaetulla prasina) basks in a beam of sunlight in the rainforest of Tangkoko National Park. These highly arboreal snakes are excellent climbers and are adept at hunting lizards, their favored prey. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • A juvenile Rock Monitor (Varanus albigularis). Mpumalanga, South Africa.
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  • Like most snail-eating snakes, the Blunt-headed Tree Snake (Aplopeltura boa) is small and slender with an abnormally large head. They posses an asymmetric arrangement of teeth in their lower jaw which enables them to pry snails from their shells (most of which swirl in a clockwise direction) by a process referred to as "mandible walking". Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Malayan Box Turtle (Cuora amboinensis) is one of the commonest turtles in Borneo and occurs in a wide variety of habitats. Here a mature specimen enters the tanin-colored waters of a small creek in heath forest. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • A Lined Gecko (Gekko vittatus) perches in its rainforest habitat on the island of Halmahera, central Indonesia. Sometimes referred to as the "Skunk Gecko" because of its distinctive coloration, these are popular animals in the pet trade and large numbers are collected and exported yearly from Indonesia and the Solomon Islands. North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • Ornate Earless Agama (Aphaniotis ornata). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A newly hatched Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) makes its way down the beach and feels the touch of the sea for the first time in its life. Many predators lie in wait and young sea turtles have an astonishingly low survival rate, but if it reaches adulthood it may well return to the same beach years in the future to lay eggs of its own. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Green Tree Python (Morelia azurea), juvenile.
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  • Usambara Eyelash Viper (Atheris ceratophora). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Carefully sequestered on a perch not far above the rainforest floor, a Moyer’s Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon moyeri) sleeps by night safely hidden from prowling nocturnal predators. Measuring less than 6 cm in total length, these are some of the smallest and most camouflaged in Africa – by day when they hunt for insects on the ground they are nearly invisible among the leaf litter. Recent research has shown that there is a surprising amount of diversity among Rhampholeon chameleons (26 currently recognized species), many of which are restricted to their own isolated mountain ranges. . Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • White-lipped Python (Leiopython albertisii). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Dumeril's Monitor (Varanus dumerilii), juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Terciopelo (Bothrops asper). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Cloudy Snail-eating Snake (Sibon nebulatus). Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • Paradise Flying Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Short Python (Python breitensteini). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tug of war: a Giant Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda sp.) struggles to keep a hold on her precious egg sac as a hungry Banded Forest Gecko (Cyrtodactylus consobrinus) attempts to steal it away. With sometimes over 200 eggs within the papery sac, the female spider guards her eggs ferociously, carrying the bundle in her jaws for several weeks until they hatch. Fortunately for the gecko, this spider seems more concerned with maintaining her grip with her mandibles rather than risking a quick release to bite the offending gecko. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Round-eyed Gecko (Cnemaspis sp. aff. paripari), undescribed and one of several species of Cnemaspis which are endemic to separate and isolated limestone outrops. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Scarcely longer than an earthworm, this juvenile slug-eating snake (Pareas hamptoni) sleeps balanced on top of a fern frond. Many slug-eating snakes retain the  unusual asymmetric dentition of their snail-eating ancestors, an adaptation for pulling snails out of their shells via a process known as ‘mandibular walking’. Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Natalia's Spiny Lizard (Acanthosaura nataliae). Many lizards sport spines for display or protection, but Acanthosaura take this development to an extreme. Despite their fearsome appearance these arboreal reptiles still fall prey to certain snakes, and thus need to sleep on thin branches such as this during the night. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
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  • Inger's Slug-eating Snake (Asthenodipsas ingeri). Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps), juvenile. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Three-striped Ground Snake (Pseudoxyrhopus tritaeniatus) is certainly one of the most beautiful of Madagascan endemic snakes, but why is it colored this way? Bold red stripes are frequently used as an aposematic warning, indicating to other animals of severe danger. It is curious then that not only is this species completely non-venomous but there are in fact no other dangerous snakes in Madagascar that this could possibly be a mimic of. An interesting theory points to the co-occurrence of large red toxic millipedes in the same forests – could these actually be a mimicry model for this snake? On an island legendary for its biological curiosities, nothing seems beyond the realm of possibility. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Having been isolated for over 80 million years, the unique biota of Madagascar poses many interesting questions to those who study biogeography. This Madagascar Tree Boa (Sanzinia madagascariensis) is one of four species of boas present on the island, noteworthy because by contrast the large constricting snakes of the nearest landmasses (Africa and Asia) are all pythons. Herpetologists don't yet know the answer to this enigma, but recent evidence supports one theory that boas may have existed on Madagascar in the ancient past when it was still connected to Gondwanaland. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Forest Water Snake (Thamnosophis infrasignatus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • When threatened, the harmless Ceylonese Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis maculatus) employs a clever trick: it flattens its tail and raises it to expose the bright checkered pattern underneath. Not only does this divert attacks away from its vulnerable head (which remains hidden beneath), but these bold color patterns resemble venomous coral snakes (Calliophis sp.). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris). Yala National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Brown-tailed Racer (Gonyosoma oxycephalum). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyra mutilata) attending a lanternfly (Pyrops whiteheadi) for secreted honeydew. Host tree is Pometia pinnata. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Horned Flying Lizard (Draco cornutus), male using his dewlap to display for courtship and territorial aggression. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rarely encountered due to their subterranean habits, Dwarf Pipe Snakes (Anomochilidae) are very little studied and are known from only a small handful of specimens. In addition to their bold coloration (which may serve to mimic venomous coral snakes), they also a false head on their tail to deflect attacks away from their true head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although usually considered a terrestrial species, the Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) is an excellent climber and can occasionally be seen climbing tree trunks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Boulenger's Green Anole (Anolis chloris), male displaying. Choco, Colombia.
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  • Purple Anole (Anolis purpurescens). Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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  • Blunthead Tree Snake (Imantodes cenchoa), a lizard hunting specialist that due to its extremely slender body is able to seek out sleeping lizards on even the most delicate of branches. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Few warning signals in nature are as blatant as the colors of the Aquatic Coral Snake (Micrurus surinamensis), and for good reason: it possesses a highly potent neurotoxic venom. Unique among South American elapid snakes, its venom appears to be specialized for its favored prey of fish and eels, although can undoubtedly be fatal for mammals as well. They are, however, very non-aggressive and bite only when attacked or accidentally stepped on – the latter of which is rare thanks to their gaudy coloration. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Striped Sharpnose Snake (Philodryas argentea). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Neotropical Snail-Eater (Dipsas indica). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Large-headed Shrub Lizard (Pelturagonia cephalum). Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The bold coloration of the Red-headed Krait (Bungarus flaviceps) is a warning to would-be predators of the highly potent venom it possesses. This large elapid feeds primarily on other reptiles including lizards and snakes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Kirindy Leaf-toed Gecko (Paroedura rennerae), juvenile. Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A sleeping Short-horned Chameleon (Calumma brevicorne) wakes too slowly to react in time when an unaware spider clambers over its face. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Sepik Bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus novaeguineae). South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • One of the most beautiful of the Boigas: the Jasper Cat Snake (Boiga jaspidea), a scarce species in Borneo. Like other Boigas, it is a rear-fanged snake and hunts primarily in the trees. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
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  • Wallace’s Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) is one of the largest of all tree frogs in Borneo. It is capable of gliding down from the forest canopy by using its enlarged webbed feet as parachutes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Kuhl's Gliding Gecko (Gekko kuhli). By means of its large webbed feet and lateral skin flaps, this arboreal gecko is capable of gliding or parachuting between trees. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cat Gecko (Aeluroscalabotes felinus). These slow-moving and normally extremely placid reptiles only put on an aggressive display when their other defenses (camouflage and tail dropping) have failed them. Members of the ‘eyelid geckos’, they are the only representative of the family Eublepharidae in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Kuhl's Gliding Gecko (Gekko kuhli). Equipped with webbed feet and parasail-like flaps of skin all along its body, this tree-dwelling gecko is able to ‘parachute’ when leaping through the air to escape predators. This not only softens its landing but also enables it to glide a considerable distance. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Frog-eating Snake (Stegonotus borneensis), juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although completely non-venomous, the Painted Mock Viper (Psammodynastes pictus) defends itself by aggressively striking if threatened. It often hunts aquatic animals such as frogs and fish by perching on a low branch over the surface of the water. Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus), female. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Two-banded Chameleon (Furcifer balteatus), female. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • With over one hundred species occurring throughout the island in virtually all habitats, Madagascar is a hotspot for gecko diversity and endemism. This Graceful Madagascar Ground Gecko (Paroedura gracilis) is an inhabitant of the eastern rainforests and, unlike most arboreal species, lacks the enlarged toe pads for climbing vertical surfaces. Active only at night, it hunts insects from low perches in the forest understory. Marojejy National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A juvenile Parson's Chameleon (Calumma parsoni). More frequently occurring in shades of green, this is one of the world's largest chameleons, with adult specimens sometimes reaching the size of a house cat. They are endemic to rainforest habitats on Madagascar and are threatened by both habitat loss and collection for the international pet trade. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Endemic to the spiny forests of southern Madagascar, the dainty Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) is the smallest of the island’s five tortoise species – with shell lengths of only 10-12 cm it can comfortably sit in the palm of your hand. Like most of its close relatives it is Critically Endangered, having suffered greatly in recent years from habitat loss (clearing, wildfires, and invasive plants), hunting for food, and poaching for the pet trade. One reason they are so vulnerable to threats is because of their extremely slow reproduction rate: despite a lifespan of up to 70 years a female will usually lay only a single egg at a time which can take over 8 months of incubating before hatching. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • The rare Forsten's Pointed Snake (Rabdion forsteni) is endemic to Sulawesi and known from only a few specimens. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila) is a widespread inhabitant of coastal and riverine forests in Southeast Asia, where it hunts for small mammals, reptiles (including other snakes), and birds. A rear-fanged snake, research has revealed that its venom is specifically tailored to affect birds and is relatively ineffective in subduing mammals (although bites in humans can cause pain and inflammation). This is the first known occurrence of a bird-specific toxin. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Madagascar Cat-eyed Snake (Madagascarophis colubrinus). Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • Giant Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus fimbriatus) from Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • A study on perfection in mimicry: a Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus). One of 14 species of leaf-tailed geckos endemic to Madagascar, this nocturnal insectivore utilizes its incredible camouflage to hide among dead foliage by day. All Uroplatus geckos are under severe threat from deforestation and over-collecting for the international pet trade. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A master of camouflage, the Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) is almost completely undetectable when it is at rest on a small tree in the forest understory. Frilled flaps of skin along its body break up its outline, making it appear nearly seamless with the tree on which it rests. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A master of camouflage, the Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) is almost completely undetectable when it is at rest on a small tree in the forest understory. Frilled flaps of skin along its body break up its outline, making it appear nearly seamless with the tree on which it rests. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Short-horned Chameleon (Calumma brevicorne), female. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A juvenile Bornean Dark-necked Slug Snake (Asthenodipsas borneensis). This nocturnal species feeds on slugs and snails in low vegetation. Recently split from A. malaccanus of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Twin-barred Flying Snake (Chrysopelea pelias) is the smallest and rarest of Southeast Asia's flying snake species. Like other Chrysopelea, this snake hunts lizards and is almost completely arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus cf. mikianus) from the Mamberamo Basin in western New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Northern Leaf-tailed Gecko (Saltuarius cornutus). Queensland, Australia.
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