Chien C. Lee

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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Penan Flying Frog (Leptomantis penanorum), a very rare species known from only a few specimens. This is the first photograph of a female ever recorded for this species. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With over 320 described species and probably as many more yet awaiting discovery, New Guinea hosts a staggering diversity of frogs. This unidentified tree frog (Litoria sp.) was photographed in the moss forest of a remote mountain in the northern Jayawijaya Range. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Rough Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus edwardinae), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Belalong Tree Frog (Leptomantis belalongensis), male. Only recently described, this tiny arboreal frog is endemic to just a few river basins in northwestern Borneo. Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
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  • Tree frog (Leptomantis cf. penanorum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Gading Flying Frog (Leptomantis gadingensis), described as recently as 2005, is a small species known from only a few localities in western Borneo.  It breeds in lowland streams. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10091216.jpg
  • Borneo Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), female, with Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola) - comparison between one of the largest and smallest frogs in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Competition for mates can be fierce at choice breeding sites, especially when the season to raise young may be limited. Here, among the ferns over an ephemeral forest pool, a male Black-dotted Tree Frog (Litoria nigropunctata) (on the left) uses his hind legs to kick an amplexing rival male in an attempt to dislodge him from the back of the female. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1912732.jpg
  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1605084.jpg
  • Borneo Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1802219.jpg
  • A pair of Short-nosed Tree Frogs (Leptomantis gauni) in amplexus, perched on the foliage of a tree on the bank of a clear stream. Eggs will be deposited in a foam nest overhanging the water so that the emerging tadpoles can drop directly into the stream below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1301192.jpg
  • The rare and little known Rough Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus edwardinae) is endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1511025.jpg
  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715490.jpg
  • Hidden in the dense leaf litter of the rainforest floor, an Amazonian Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) lies in wait for its next meal. With a mouth wider than the length of its body, and a voracious appetite to boot, these frogs can consume prey as large as small reptiles and rodents. This species is widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, but nowhere particularly abundant. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Larut Bush Frog (Philautus larutensis), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rough-sided Frog (Pulchrana glandulosa). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ivohimanita Madagascar Frog (Mantidactylus majori), male guarding eggs. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Tree frog (Boophis tasymena), male. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Boulenger's Digging Frog (Plethodontohyla inguinalis). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Tree Frog (Litoria rubella). Wasur National Park, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Microhyla borneensis, male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Kerangas Bush Frog (Philautus kerangae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Madagascan Reed Frog (Heterixalus madagascariensis), possibly killed by chytrid fungus which has arrived in Madagascsar in recent years. Akanin'ny Nofy, Madagascar.
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  • Everett's Tree Toad (Rentapia everetti). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With a fleshy protuberance on its snout that can hang flaccid or stand stiffly straight, New Guinea’s long-nosed frogs are as bizarre in appearance as they are rare. The exact function of its elaborate rostral spike isn’t yet known, but being only found in the males it likely has something to do with mate selection. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Hole-in-the-head Frog (Huia cavitympanum) is the only amphibian in the world which is known to be capable of communicating with purely ultrasonic calls, beyond the range of human hearing, and it has a recessed eardrum built specifically for this purpose. It is endemic to clear water streams in Borneo. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Brown Bullfrog (Kaloula baleata). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Arfak Tree Frog (Litoria arfakiana) from the montane forests of Indonesian New Guinea. With nearly 300 species already described, and some estimates predicting at least double that amount awaiting discovery, the island is a hot spot for frog diversity. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) in pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Coronated Tree Frog (Triprion spinosus). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Painted Antnest Frog (Lithodytes lineatus), a mimic of toxic dendrobatid frogs. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Papua Wrinkled Ground Frog (Cornufer papuensis). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Blue-back Reed Frog (Heterixalus madagascariensis). Akanin'ny Nofy, Madagascar.
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  • Dring's Bush Frog (Philautus juliandringi), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Whitebelly Reed Frog (Heterixalus alboguttatus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Andranolava Reed frog (Heterixalus luteostriatus). Tsaranoro Valley, Madagascar.
    cld1832156.jpg
  • Pale-striped Poison-Frog (Ameerega hahneli). Coca, Orellana, Ecuador.
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  • Emerald Glassfrog (Espadarana prosoblepon), male showing humeral spines for intraspecific combat. Mindo, Ecuador.
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  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all Borneo's frogs: the Borneo Flying Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis). These gliding amphibians spend most of their life in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to ground level. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1724123.jpg
  • Spending the majority of its time underground in burrows, the Borneo Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophrynoides borneensis) is a rarely seen species and little is known of its life history. Despite its common name and unusual appearance, this frog is a member of the Microhylidae and not a true toad. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1723579.jpg
  • The White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) lays its eggs in clusters on leaves overhanging small streams. When the tadpoles emerge they drop down into the water below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1705158.jpg
  • Commonly found perched on branches along rocky clear streams, the Poisonous Rock Frog (Odorrana hosii) is named for its highly toxic skin secretions which make it not only inedible to predators but also fatal to any other frog with which it comes into skin contact with. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The rare Montane Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus kobayashii) is endemic to mountain rainforests of Sabah in northern Borneo. Like other members of the genus, this large terrestrial frog relies on its superb camouflage to evade detection from predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Variable Cross Frog (Oreophryne variabilis). Widespread in Sulawesi, the loud calls of this tiny bush frog are a common sound in cool and wet mossy montane forests. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Grainy Cochran Frog (Cochranella granulosa), egg mass suspended on leaf over stream. Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • Ankafana Bright-eyed Frog (Boophis luteus), male. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Boophis luciae, amplexing pair. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus). Baja California Norte, Mexico.
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  • Bush frog (Pseudophilautus sp.). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Cloud Forest Stream Frog (Ptychohyla euthysanota). El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • Gold-banded Rain Frog (Pristimantis aureolineatus), pair in amplexus. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • With half a dozen species, Borneo is famous for its horned frogs. These are denizens of the rainforest floor and as such are expertly camouflaged for hiding among leaf litter. Most species rely so much on crypsis to avoid detection they have neglected other adaptations to escape predators, such as having weak legs for jumping. This is the rarest of the Bornean species: the Mulu Horned Frog (Megophrys dringi) which has only been known from a handful of sightings. This paucity of records is undoubtedly due to the remote locality where it occurs: high-elevation moss forests adjacent to clear mountain streams. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006095.jpg
  • Cophixalus rajampatensis, male. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Sulawesi Wart Frog (Limnonectes larvaepartus), a recently described species endemic to Sulawesi that is unique in having both internal fertilization and giving birth directly to tadpoles. Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Rainbow frog (Scaphiophryne gottlebei). Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all Borneo's frogs: the Borneo Flying Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis). These gliding amphibians spend most of their life in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to ground level. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1724109.jpg
  • Spiny narrow-mouth frog (Scaphiophryne spinosa). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
    cld1722358.jpg
  • A rare species in Borneo, the fully aquatic False Toad (Pseudobufo subasper) is known from the island only in Kalimantan where it inhabits stagnant peatswamps. West Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
    cld1723651.jpg
  • Blue-legged Mantella (Mantella expectata), found only from a few locations in Madagascar's arid southwest. Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
    cld1718343.jpg
  • The complex ecosystem of the rainforest is filled with such a plethora of tiny hungry creatures that many predators may themselves become victims to something larger. Here, in the humid jungles of southern New Guinea, an unfortunate tree frog is being devoured by a large huntsman spider (family Sparassidae). With leg spans sometimes exceeding 15cm, these spiders spin no webs and instead rely on speed to catch their prey. South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716313.jpg
  • A confusing array of small Microhylid frogs occur in Borneo and it is likely that many cryptic species such as this one (Nanohyla cf. perparva) await distinction. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1604051.jpg
  • A tiny undescribed species of dwarf toad (Pelophryne sp.) perches on the lid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes villosa) high in the mossy forests of Mount Tambuyukon in northern Borneo. It is suspected that these toads and other amphibians utilize the water-filled pitchers in which to breed, but the remoteness of these locations makes this behavior difficult to study, and their exact relationship remains unconfirmed. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Smith's Litter Frog (Leptobrachium smithi). Krabi, Thailand.
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  • Australian Green Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Broad-headed Creek Frog (Limnonectes kong), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sylvia's Tree Frog (Cruziohyla sylviae). Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pristimantis bogotensis. Bogota, Colombia.
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  • Mossy-forest Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus dringi). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Brown Bullfrog (Kaloula baleata), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Perez's Snouted Frog (Edalorhina perezi). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • The Asian Eyebrow-ridge Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a common species widespread in South and Southeast Asia.  It has a distinctive large parotoid glands behind the head, which are known to secrete a toxic substance when the toad is disturbed.
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  • A miniature narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla cf. borneensis) seeks the moist shelter within a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata) resting on the Borneo rainforest floor. Normally a deadly pitfall trap, this plant's pitcher has been chewed open on the side by a small mammal, probably in an attempt to feed on the trapped insects (or fluids) inside. Several species of Nepenthes such as this are used as tadpole nurseries for certain frogs, some of which will breed nowhere else. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2007336.jpg
  • The mountains of Vietnam are home to several species of amphibians which are perfectly adapted for camouflage in the mossy cloud forests. Perched atop a small leaf, this Tiny Bubblenest Frog (Gracixalus supercornutus) can easily be mistaken for a clump of moss epiphylls. Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), an introduced and invasive species in New Guinea. Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Lesser Rock Skipper (Staurois parvus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Guenther's Dwarf Toad (Pelophryne guentheri), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), pair in amplexus. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1908995.jpg
  • The Warted Frog is a rare species in Borneo, known from only a handful of sightings in the northwest. It is presumably a tree-hole breeder as in other Theloderma. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1907291.jpg
  • Gold-Nugget Treefrog (Boana picturata), an endemic to the chocó pacific rainforests of Ecuador and Colombia. Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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  • Babbling Torrenteer (Hyloscirtus alytolylax), young froglet metamorph. Mindo, Ecuador.
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  • Gold-Nugget Treefrog (Boana picturata), an endemic to the chocó pacific rainforests of Ecuador and Colombia. Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
    cld1809524.jpg
  • In the dim understory of the forest floor the color of this poison dart frog (Oophaga solanensis) seem almost too fantastic to be real. Like other dendrobatid frogs, these colors serve as a warning signal of their toxicity. This species is endemic to the coastal rainforests of Colombia. Choco, Colombia.
    cld1813644.jpg
  • Endemic to the summit of a single mountain in Borneo, the extremely rare Widow Slender Toad (Ansonia vidua) is known from only a handful of specimens, all of which are female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Long-legged Bush Frog (Philautus kakipanjang). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1705173.jpg
  • Sulawesi Toad (Ingerophrynus celebensis). South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The Mindanao Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus stejnegeri) is endemic to the rainforests of the south-eastern Philippines where it is threatened by habitat loss. Mindanao, Philippines.
    cld1202723.jpg
  • Dark-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates macrotis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • ore than just a death trap: the watery chamber of this carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) in the Borneo rainforest is home to a brood of tiny tadpoles. One of the world's smallest frogs (Microhyla nepenthicola), this species will lay its eggs nowhere else, making them completely dependent on the plants. Here, the tadpoles grow in relative safety, except when they are faced with other water-dwelling predators including huge carnivorous mosquitoes. After several weeks they will mature into tiny froglets and make their escape from the pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The enlarged webbed feet of the Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) enable it to maneuver in mid-air and slow its descent from a higher perch towards a safe landing. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dull-green Shrub Frog (Pseudophilautus viridis). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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