Chien C. Lee

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  • Sunlight filters through lowland rainforest into the entrance of a limestone cave in Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rising mist spills over the forested plateau of Maliau Basin, a large conservation area in the remote interior of northern Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the canopy of the Borneo rainforest is bathed in the heat of the equatorial sun, as little as 5 percent of sunlight reaches the forest floor. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Large sandstone boulders and stunted elfin forest the summit plateau of Gunung Murud, Sarawak's highest mountain. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Australasian Giant Centipede (Ethmostigmus rubripes rubripes), recently molted juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Land crab (Geosesarma bau). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The steep karst formations of the Subis Limestone Complex of Niah National Park hold numerous large caverns, among which are numerous important archaeological sites. The presence of humans in Niah Cave has been dated to about 40,000 years ago, making it the oldest known settlement in East Malaysia. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii), green morph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wasp-mimicking moth (Atrijuglans hetaohei). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • View of canopy of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest during a mass flowering event. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Asian Ant Mantis (Odontomantis sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Larut Bush Frog (Philautus larutensis), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Gnathopalystes sp.), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • When approached by a potential predator, these amazingly camouflaged leaf grasshoppers (Chorotypus sp.) align their flattened bodies with the leaf they are perched on and remain completely still to accentuate their mimicry. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leaf katydid (Cratioma oculatum), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flower mantis (Theopropus elegans), female. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Batang Ai National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although occurring widely in Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia, the Striped Wren-babbler (Kenopia striata) is nowhere abundant and is considered Near Threatened due to habitat loss. Inhabiting lowland forests, its presence is often first confirmed by its loud clear and persistent whistling calls. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bush-tailed Moth (Dudusa vethi), using defensive posture to expose urticating hairs on the tip of its abdomen. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunda Frogmouth (Batrachostomus cornutus), female. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia puncakborneensis, a new Bornean endemic described in 2020. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Short Python (Python breitensteini). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ant-mimicking mantis (Acromantinae), nymph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bird Dropping Crab Spider (Phrynarachne sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Newly emerged cicada perched on its exuvia. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Katydid (Promeca sp.), female. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Green lacewing (Ankylopteryx sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Heteropoda sp.). Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Aerial view of primary forest during a mass flowering event. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • It’s always important to have a backup plan. The first line of defense for most stick insects is of course their excellent camouflage, but sometimes this just isn’t enough. If this giant Diesbachia sophiae is attacked, it suddenly transforms from a green stick into a startling display by raising its boldly checkered wings. This may be enough to make some predators think twice before going in for the kill, giving enough time for the insects to escape. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Rufous Piculet (Sasia abnormis) is the smallest woodpecker in Borneo.  Here a bird is making its territorial call by drumming on a spiny rattan petiole. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), infant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit-piercing moth (Eudocima phalonia) using its stout proboscis to feed on the sweet juice of wild figs (Ficus fistulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sticky frog (Kalophrynus meizon). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Humpback Cyclosa (Cyclosa insulana). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The karst of the Melinau Limestone Formation gives Mulu National Park its rugged terrain. These forests and caves abound with many endemic species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pompelon marginata. This beautifully colored day-flying moth is a member of the Burnet Moth Family (Zygaenidae). It is widespread in Southeast Asia where its caterpillars feed on the leaves of wild cinnamon. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Nephelaphyllum pulchrum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lynx spider (Hamadruas superba) preying on plant bug (Alydidae). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The poor soils of many of Borneo’s natural habitats are home to many unusual plants, the most famous of which are undoubtedly the carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes). The slippery-rimmed traps are designed to lure and consume insects and even small animals to supplement the plant’s nutrition. One of the most extraordinary is Nepenthes veitchii, seen here growing up the side of a small tree, it’s pitchers open and ready for unsuspecting visitors. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Southeast Asian Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Long-tailed Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Hose’s Civet (Diplogale hosei), one of Borneo’s rarest and least known endemic mammals. This otter-like carnivore is an inhabitant of high elevation mossy forests where it hunts for frogs, fish, and other small animals. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Superbly adapted for its specific microhabitat, this Bornean Bark Mantis (Theopompa borneana) blends almost seamlessly with the tree where it lives. These efficient predators hunt for insects on the sides of trees using their superb vision, speed, and spiny raptorial front legs. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With over 700 described species, the ant diversity of Borneo is extraordinarily rich. Although many ants defend themselves with toxic compounds or painful stings, some such as this species (Meranoplus mucronatus) are protected by sharp spines to deter predators. This group of workers is attending to a herd of extremely small planthopper nymphs, from which they take secreted honeydew. Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rough-sided Frog (Pulchrana glandulosa). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Oakleaf (Kallima buxtoni), sleeping at night among dead foliage. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tortoise beetles (Basiprionota decempustulata), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix graydoni), considered by some to be a subspecies of Chestnut-necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix charltonii) from mainland Southeast Asia. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lanternfly (Pyrops heringi), displaying its brightly colored hind wings when disturbed in an attempt to startle predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Death's-head Hawkmoth (Acherontia lachesis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Horned Flying Lizard (Draco cornutus), male using his dewlap to display for courtship and territorial aggression. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few things exemplify the incredible complexity of rainforest ecosystems more than that of mutualisms between species. Here, a group of Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) tend to a pair of lanternflies (Pyrops cultellatus), a relationship that has a net benefit for both species. The lanternflies, feeding directly from the phloem of the tree with their piercing straw-like mouthparts, harvest much more sugar-rich fluid than they actually need; the excess being excreted intermittently as a squirt of honeydew droplets from their abdomen. The ants position themselves directly behind and below the lanternflies and intercept these droplets with their heads, then consume the fluid and share it with their nestmates. In return, the ants guard the lanternflies and will ferociously attack any potential threat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Research has revealed that the marginal eyespots in butterflies can serve to deflect bird attacks away from the insect's vital spots, thereby allowing escape. This effect is particularly effective in the low light intensities of the dim forest understory and at dawn or dusk when the resting butterflies are particularly prone to predation by birds. This individual (Faunis stomphax) shows evidence of having escaped two attacks by birds which attempted to grab the butterfly by the wing eyespots. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although perfectly camouflaged among lichens when at rest, if a threat is detected this stick insect (Pseudodiacantha chieni) raises its butterfly-like wings as a warning to predators, whilst simultaneously emitting a strong chemical odor. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A cluster of large mushrooms (Armillaria sp.) emerges from the forest floor in Maliau Basin Conservation Area in northern Borneo. Parasitic on woody plants, Armillaria fungi can spread over large areas and be fatal to many tree species. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Parastheneboea neglecta, a rare stick insect known from only a few specimens from the rainforest of western Borneo. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Compact clumps of the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes campanulata grow on the vertical walls of a limestone cliff nearly a hundred meters above the canopy of the rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of Borneo's most famous endemic mammals, the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is restricted to coastal swamp forests and mangroves. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of Borneo, the Chestnut-hooded Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus treacheri) often travels in noisy flocks while they forage for insects and fruit. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) lays its eggs in clusters on leaves overhanging small streams. When the tadpoles emerge they drop down into the water below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A confusing array of small Microhylid frogs occur in Borneo and it is likely that many cryptic species such as this one (Nanohyla cf. perparva) await distinction. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stick insect (Orthomeria superba), male showing parasitic mites. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sphinx moth (Marumba tigrina). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Anglehead Lizard (Gonocephalus bornensis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cave cricket (Diestrammena sp.). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the Banded Coral Snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is not aggressive, it possesses an extremely toxic venom like other Elapids. When disturbed it displays its red tail and the brightly colored bands on its undersurface which serve as a warning signal to would-be predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Broad-headed Bug (family Alydidae) showing mimicry of a small ant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Phaius subtrilobus. This large and showy terrestrial orchid is endemic to submontane forests in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Orthostheneboea exotica, female (Previously Parastheneboea), a moss-mimicking stick insect endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • The Oriental Vine Snake (Ahaetulla prasina) is an agile climber, feeding on small birds and lizards with its excellent binocular vision. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) rests while hanging from a twig of an understory forest tree in Danum Valley. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Temminck's Sunbird (Aethopyga temminckii), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • You might think that an animal with an excessively long neck would be predisposed to unfortunate injuries, but such eccentricities in body form can become justified in the competitive arena of sexual selection. This tiny Bornean weevil (Cycnotrachelus satelles), closely related to the famous Giraffe Weevil of Madagascar, uses his lengthy neck in wrestling matches to dislodge rival males off their food plants during mating season. Having intimidating physical attributes can sometimes mean combat is not even necessary: males have been observed facing off, nodding their heads (the necks are hinged in the middle) before one makes a retreat. The females, which are not thus pressured by competition, have much shorter necks. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Red-bearded Bee-eater (Nyctyornis amictus) living up to its name: here with a large black carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.) it has caught in mid-air. While most bee-eaters prefer open woodlands and forest edges, this species is unusual in that it is typically found deep within rainforest. Flashy colors in birds are often possessed only by the males and typically function as a means of advertising for a mate. However, in this species both males and females sport a bright red face, which suggests that the coloration may serve a different purpose. One theory is that this may serve to attract flower-feeding insects to venture closer for a look - a convenient way for the bird to catch an easy meal. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The highly specialized antennae of many beetles can reveal much about each species’ particular lifestyle. Here, a Malayan Giant Click Beetle (Oxynopterus audouini) shows off his impressive comb-like antennae, a feature only males possess and which are used to increase their ability to detect the faint pheromones of females in the dense vegetation of the rainforest. Reaching lengths of over 6cm, this is one of the world’s largest species of click beetles (family Elateridae), and is known for having larvae which predate on termites. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas) receives a droplet of sweet honeydew from the abdomen of a juvenile leaf-footed bug (Notobitus sp.). The bugs, which obtain more sugar than they need from the plant juices they feed on, are fiercely guarded by the ants in return. Mutually beneficial trophobiotic relationships such as this are very advantageous in the competitive ecosystem of the rainforest. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stilt-legged weevil (Talanthia phalangium). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A master of camouflage, this praying mantis (Theopompa borneana) conceals itself against the bark of a tree. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Whitehead's Pigmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus whiteheadi), also known as the Tufted Pigmy Squirrel, is endemic to the mountains of Borneo.  It feeds almost entirely on the mosses and lichens growing on tree trunks. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean rainforest trees generally have relatively shallow root systems because moisture is abundant and nutrients are most available near the surface of the soil. Reinforcement of tree's stability is provided in some species by conspicuous root buttresses. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A newly discovered pitcher plant (Nepenthes appendiculata) from montane mossy forest in Sarawak. This species is remarkable by the unusual glandular appendage found at the tip of the pitcher lid, which probably serves to attract insect prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The small and nocturnal Sunda Stink-badger (Mydaus javanensis lucifer) is a relative of the skunks (family Mephitidae) occurring in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It feeds on invertebrates and small animals as well as tuberous roots. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus) is an arboreal species, often laying in wait for prey on the same branch for weeks at a time. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A giant leaf katydid (Pseudophyllus hercules), one of the world's largest, rests in the rainforest understory. Active only at night, they use their superb camouflage to remain undetected by predators during the day. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A large male Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) is caught on camera trap as he patrols his territory in the rainforest of Danum Valley, Sabah. Borneo's largest cat species, the clouded leopard preys on a variety of smaller wildlife ranging from deer and wild boar to monkeys. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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