Chien C. Lee

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  • Sunlight filters through lowland rainforest into the entrance of a limestone cave in Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rising mist spills over the forested plateau of Maliau Basin, a large conservation area in the remote interior of northern Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The steep karst formations of the Subis Limestone Complex of Niah National Park hold numerous large caverns, among which are numerous important archaeological sites. The presence of humans in Niah Cave has been dated to about 40,000 years ago, making it the oldest known settlement in East Malaysia. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tiger Leech (Haemadipsa sp. aff. picta). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • View of canopy of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest during a mass flowering event. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stag beetle (Prosopocoilus occipitalis), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although occurring widely in Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia, the Striped Wren-babbler (Kenopia striata) is nowhere abundant and is considered Near Threatened due to habitat loss. Inhabiting lowland forests, its presence is often first confirmed by its loud clear and persistent whistling calls. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A nocturnal Net-casting Spider (Asianopis sp.) lies in wait for an insect to venture beneath. Between its front legs it holds an expandable sticky white web which it will use to fling over its prey, ensnaring it.  These are sometimes referred to as 'Ogre-faced Spiders' because of the extremely large posterior median eyes which allow them to see in darkness. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flower mantis (Theopropus elegans), female. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunrise and mist over virgin rainforest in northern Borneo. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Larut Bush Frog (Philautus larutensis), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dung beetle (Paragymnopleurus sparsus), rolling scat of Sambar Deer. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • When approached by a potential predator, these amazingly camouflaged leaf grasshoppers (Chorotypus sp.) align their flattened bodies with the leaf they are perched on and remain completely still to accentuate their mimicry. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Twin-barred Flying Snake (Chrysopelea pelias) is the smallest and rarest of Southeast Asia's flying snake species. Like other Chrysopelea, this snake hunts lizards and is almost completely arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leaf katydid (Cratioma oculatum), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A fan palm (Licuala valida) reaches towards the light in the understory of the Borneo rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wild nutmeg (Myristica sp.), fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Extremely agile on the wing, the Bat Hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) is a specialist predator of bats and swiftlets, often waiting near cave entrances for its prey to emerge. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Batang Ai National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Marauder Ants (Carebara affinis) attacking a beetle grub. The minor workers are assisted by their larger sisters, the majors and super-majors, which use their powerful mandibles to cut the grub into smaller pieces. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • It’s always important to have a backup plan. The first line of defense for most stick insects is of course their excellent camouflage, but sometimes this just isn’t enough. If this giant Diesbachia sophiae is attacked, it suddenly transforms from a green stick into a startling display by raising its boldly checkered wings. This may be enough to make some predators think twice before going in for the kill, giving enough time for the insects to escape. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This predaceous ground beetle (Lioptera plato) exhibits a distinctive warning color pattern which is commonly repeated among many different species of beetles (including a commonly associated fungus beetle Epicaustes) that all share a similar habitat niche. Because all species appear to share a distasteful chemical defense this may be a possible example of Mullerian mimicry. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The poor soils of many of Borneo’s natural habitats are home to many unusual plants, the most famous of which are undoubtedly the carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes). The slippery-rimmed traps are designed to lure and consume insects and even small animals to supplement the plant’s nutrition. One of the most extraordinary is Nepenthes veitchii, seen here growing up the side of a small tree, it’s pitchers open and ready for unsuspecting visitors. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rough-sided Frog (Pulchrana glandulosa). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Oakleaf (Kallima buxtoni), sleeping at night among dead foliage. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although usually considered a terrestrial species, the Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) is an excellent climber and can occasionally be seen climbing tree trunks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rafflesia hasseltii, developing bud. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Gnathopalystes sp.), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Distinguished by its green/yellow eyes, Hose's Bush Frog (Philautus hosii) is endemic to Borneo and considered Near Threatened due to severe habitat loss. Adults are usually found perched on vegetation over streams in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The dainty White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) is endemic to the rainforests of Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) swoops in to select a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa) growing directly on the trunk of the tree. Rather than eating on the spot, the bat will carry the fig off to a favorite perch where it can dine in safety, thus helping to spread the tree's seeds. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia puncakborneensis, a new Bornean endemic described in 2020. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bird Dropping Crab Spider (Phrynarachne sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Elibia dolichus, caterpillar. Although large and seemingly intimidating, this sphinx moth caterpillar is completely harmless and relies entirely on camouflage and eyespots to deter predators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Heteropoda sp.). Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Aerial view of primary forest during a mass flowering event. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) is an active insect-eating bird of the forest canopy. Males, such as the one pictured here, sport a richer blue plumage than the greyish-colored females. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), infant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider preying on camel cricket, with parasitic midge. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Three-banded Bridled Snake (Lycodon tristrigatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Red-tailed Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis ruffus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit-piercing moth (Eudocima phalonia) using its stout proboscis to feed on the sweet juice of wild figs (Ficus fistulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Humpback Cyclosa (Cyclosa insulana). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stick insect (Dinophasma braggi), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pompelon marginata. This beautifully colored day-flying moth is a member of the Burnet Moth Family (Zygaenidae). It is widespread in Southeast Asia where its caterpillars feed on the leaves of wild cinnamon. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • By means of its extensive skin membranes, the Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus borneanus), is capable of gliding impressive distances between trees. This adult is carrying a young offspring on its underside. Bearing no relation to true lemurs, colugos are in their own unique order and are only distantly related to primates and treeshrews. They are nocturnal, feeding on leaves, flowers, and sap. Recent research on morphological and genetic variations indicate that the Bornean and Javan subspecies may merit recognition as distinct species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Nephelaphyllum pulchrum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Long-tailed Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Superbly adapted for its specific microhabitat, this Bornean Bark Mantis (Theopompa borneana) blends almost seamlessly with the tree where it lives. These efficient predators hunt for insects on the sides of trees using their superb vision, speed, and spiny raptorial front legs. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of the world’s least studied crocodilians, the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a rare inhabitant of the dark tannin colored waters of peat swamps in Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaysia. Due to their narrow snout they were once believed to feed exclusively on fish, however large specimens can reach lengths of over 5 meters and have more recently been observed to consume prey as large as Proboscis Monkeys, or in one unfortunate instance, a grown man. Although much remains unknown about their life history, it is clear that they are rapidly becoming endangered due to destruction of their peat swamp habitats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few things exemplify the incredible complexity of rainforest ecosystems more than that of mutualisms between species. Here, a group of Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) tend to a pair of lanternflies (Pyrops cultellatus), a relationship that has a net benefit for both species. The lanternflies, feeding directly from the phloem of the tree with their piercing straw-like mouthparts, harvest much more sugar-rich fluid than they actually need; the excess being excreted intermittently as a squirt of honeydew droplets from their abdomen. The ants position themselves directly behind and below the lanternflies and intercept these droplets with their heads, then consume the fluid and share it with their nestmates. In return, the ants guard the lanternflies and will ferociously attack any potential threat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Research has revealed that the marginal eyespots in butterflies can serve to deflect bird attacks away from the insect's vital spots, thereby allowing escape. This effect is particularly effective in the low light intensities of the dim forest understory and at dawn or dusk when the resting butterflies are particularly prone to predation by birds. This individual (Faunis stomphax) shows evidence of having escaped two attacks by birds which attempted to grab the butterfly by the wing eyespots. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The bright orange coloration of this infant Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus cristatus) helps them to be seen and hence guarded by the entire troop. They will gradually lose this coloration after 3 months of age. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) lays its eggs in clusters on leaves overhanging small streams. When the tadpoles emerge they drop down into the water below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dwarf Toad (Pelophryne signata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sphinx moth (Marumba tigrina). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus). Found throughout the lowland rainforests of Borneo, the loud honking call of this frog is commonly heard before the onset of heavy thunderstorms. When disturbed it remains completely motionless, relying on its excellent camouflage to escape detection from potential predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The largest terrestrial and river predator in the world, the Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) can reach lengths of over 6 m and consumes a wide range of animal prey. They are commonly found in mangroves, lagoons, and large rivers along the coastline of Borneo.  Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The enormous caterpillars of the Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) consume huge amounts of leaves before they will pupate. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Broad-headed Bug (family Alydidae) showing mimicry of a small ant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Geometrid moth (Agathia deliciosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Phaius subtrilobus. This large and showy terrestrial orchid is endemic to submontane forests in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Blue-eyed Angle-headed Lizard (Gonocephalus liogaster), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Parasitic plant (Balanophora papuana), female inflorescences. Completely lacking chlorophyll, Balanophora plants are parasitic on tree roots. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leaf grasshopper (Systella sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) rests while hanging from a twig of an understory forest tree in Danum Valley. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Undoubtedly one of the world's most remarkable plants, the parasitic Rafflesia holds the record for having the largest flower, sometimes reching over one meter across. Their macabre beauty belies a clever deception: the dark reddish coloration and putrid stench of the bloom mimic the rotting carcass of an animal, which thus lures carrion flies into the interior chamber where they will pollinate it. There are around 30 species in the genus, with variable flower sizes, this being R. tuan-mudae from Borneo, one of the largest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A predatory Toxorhynchites mosquito emerges from the liquid in a pitcher of Nepenthes ampullaria. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean rainforest trees generally have relatively shallow root systems because moisture is abundant and nutrients are most available near the surface of the soil. Reinforcement of tree's stability is provided in some species by conspicuous root buttresses. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Borneo rainforest understory is home to a great diversity of fan palms, with nearly 50 species recorded. Many, including this species (Licuala petiolulata), are endemic to the island. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A newly discovered pitcher plant (Nepenthes appendiculata) from montane mossy forest in Sarawak. This species is remarkable by the unusual glandular appendage found at the tip of the pitcher lid, which probably serves to attract insect prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • During a rare mass fruiting season winged seeds of a dipterocarp tree (Dryobalanops lanceolata) whirl their way down to the forest floor like miniature helicopters. This adaptation allows the seeds to scatter over a larger area, thus increasing their chance of survival. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus) is an arboreal species, often laying in wait for prey on the same branch for weeks at a time. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A giant leaf katydid (Pseudophyllus hercules), one of the world's largest, rests in the rainforest understory. Active only at night, they use their superb camouflage to remain undetected by predators during the day. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A clear stream cascades down layered beds of sandstone amidst lowland rainforest. Samarakan, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rafflesia tuan-mudae, male flower. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Hieroglyph Fairy Lynx Spider (Hamadruas hierglyphica), female guarding newly hatched spiderlings on a suspended leaf. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mangrove Jewel Bug (Calliphara nobilis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The nocturnal blossoms of a wild durian (Durio kutejensis) are visited by a Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea). Although also attracting bees, birds, and other small pollinators during the day, the flowers of this tree open fully at dusk whereupon they begin to produce copious amounts of rich mango-scented nectar – an enticing draw for a bat with a keen sense of smell and an irresistible sweet tooth. With their ability to travel great distances and visit countless flowers in a single night, nectar-feeding bats play a vital role in the pollination of many rainforest plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ant-mimicking mantis (Acromantinae), nymph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bee killed by entomopathogenic fungi (Ophiocordyceps sp.). Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes stenophylla), upper pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • After emerging from a Rafflesia flower (Rafflesia tuan-mudae), this carrion fly carries a load of pollen stuck to its back. If it manages to visit another Rafflesia within a week it will inadvertently transfer the pollen to the receptive flower. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Malayan Lacewing Butterfly (Cethosia hypsea) caterpillars utilize warning coloration to signify to predators that they are unpalatable. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lynx spider (Hamadruas superba) preying on plant bug (Alydidae). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Everett's Tree Toad (Rentapia everetti). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Malayan Banded Wolf Snake (Lycodon subcinctus), juvenile. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • In the Borneo rainforest, a leaf isn't always what it seems. Many tropical trees and shrubs have pale or reddish young leaves as part of a strategy to deter herbivory: the absence of green chlorophyll reduces their nutritive value. Here, an orange morph leaf-legged katydid (Eulophophyllum lobulatum) mimics this exact foliage type. This insect  has been found to have a variety of colorations ranging from green to yellow and red, an adaptation that probably makes it more difficult for their predators to learn a fixed search image for any particular color. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata), a limestone lithophytic carnivorous plant, here growing on a cliff 250m above the rainforest canopy. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Brown-tailed Racer (Gonyosoma oxycephalum). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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