Chien C. Lee

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  • White Bat Flower (Tacca integrifolia). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A deceptive beauty: this tiny epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cuthbertsonii), which bears flowers that last for up to nine months and are larger than the entire plant itself, offers no nectar reward for visiting pollinators. However, it appears remarkably similar in appearance to nectar-rich Rhododendrons which have flowers the same color and size and grow nearby. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Epiphytic orchid (Vanda limbata). East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
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  • Many rheophytic (streamside) plants, such as the Bornean endemic palm Pinanga tenella, posses narrow leaves which are capable of withstanding occasional floods of swift water without being torn. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An unusually-shaped epiphytic orchid (Bulbophyllum uniflorum) blooms on a mossy tree in Sumatra's montane rainforest. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • Crepidium sp., a terrestrial orchid from the montane forest of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia puncakborneensis, a new Bornean endemic described in 2020. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With its large stiff flower bracts and copious amounts of sucrose-laded nectar, Madagascar’s Traveler’s Palms (Ravenala spp.) have evolved to be pollinated almost exclusively by several species of lemurs. Here, a Common Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus) feeds at the infloresence of Ravenala hladikorum. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Heliconia wagneriana. Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
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  • Orchid (Bulbophyllum sp.). Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Bulbophyllum patens with a visiting fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) with a pollinarium attached to its back. Attracted by the floral scent, the flies act as pollinators but also benefit by acquiring specific chemicals which aid in the attraction of mates. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With fewer than a thousand individuals remaining in the wild, the Critically Endangered Golden Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur aureus) holds on to a tenuous existence in the rainforests of Madagascar. It’s discovery in the mid-1980’s was a crucial factor that led to the foundation of the now famous Ranomafana National Park – a reserve that protects over 400 sq. km. of tropical forest. Like other bamboo lemurs, it feeds primarily on bamboo shoots which, due to their high cyanide content, are lethally toxic to most other animals. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Hills covered with Traveller's Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), habitat for Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) which roost in the young unfurled leaves. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
    cld1722455.jpg
  • Unseen since its original discovery in 1866 by Odoardo Beccarii, the elusive Thismia neptunis was found again in western Borneo in 2018. Like other mycoheterotrophic plants, it is unable to photosynthesize and derives its sustenance entirely from subterranean fungi. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1905281.jpg
  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
    cld1722591.jpg
  • The strikingly beautiful blooms of this epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cinnabarinum var. cinnabarinum) can almost be mistaken for a hibiscus flower. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo)
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  • Terrestrial orchid (Tainia paucifolia). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Terrestrial orchid (Plocoglottis moluccana). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Blooming only once every three years, a corpse lily (Amorphophallus hewittii) opens its enormous inflorescence in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The white spadix generates its own heat which helps to disperse its rotting stench to attract flies and beetles as pollinators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rock gorges covered in False Spinifex (Triodia sp.). Karijini National Park, Western Australia.
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  • Dendrobium cuthbertsonii. This tiny epiphytic orchid sports flowers which are much larger than the entire plant itself. It offers no nectar and is theorized to attract pollinating birds by its mimicry of similarly-sized and colored Rhododendron flowers which occur in the same habitat in the montane forests of New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Bulbophyllum elongatum. Although distributed throughout the tropics worldwide, orchids of the genus Bulbuphyllum reach their highest diversity in the cool montane forests of New Guinea, with over 600 recorded species. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Blooming high in a moss-laden tree of Ranomafana’s montane forest, this epiphytic orchid (Aerangis fastuosa) exhales an alluring perfume at night to attract its desired pollinator: hawk moths. Madagascar has many such night-active orchids, most of which sport long tapered nectaries that can only be reached by the long tongues of their associated moths. With over a thousand species, the orchids of Madagascar are exceptionally diverse. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Dark-eared Myza (Myza celebensis) feeding at a ginger inflorescence (Alpinia cf. monopleura). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The critically endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus) is restricted to wet rainforests of Madagascar's southeast where it is highly dependent on Cathariostachys bamboo. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Orchid (Nephelaphyllum pulchrum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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  • This miniature orchid (Bulbophyllum vanroyenii) grows on the trunks of tree ferns high in the alpine habitats of New Guinea's mountains.
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  • This lowland rainforest in New Guinea is dominated by large Licuala fan palms. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Phaius subtrilobus. This large and showy terrestrial orchid is endemic to submontane forests in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Ginger (Hornstedtia cyathifera). Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Unlike New World Heliconia which are famous for their colorful bracts, this  species (Heliconia papuana) from New Guinea and the South Pacific are distinguished by their predominantly green inflorescences. Most are pollinated by nectar-feeding bats. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Large tree pandans (Pandanus sp.) dominate an open landslip on a mountain slope in Sumatra. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • The Borneo rainforest understory is home to a great diversity of fan palms, with nearly 50 species recorded. Many, including this species (Licuala petiolulata), are endemic to the island. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Perched high on a limestone cliff, a rare slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum stonei) puts on a showy display of multiple blooms. This endangered species occurs only in a few localities in western Borneo where its population has been heavily depleted by wild collecting. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dimorphorchis lowii. The genus Dimorphorchis contains 5 species, all of which are endemic to Borneo. They are unique in having two different types of flowers on the same inflorescence, each targeting a different species of pollinator. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bulbophyllum cf. dolichopus. Although distributed throughout the tropics worldwide, orchids of the genus Bulbuphyllum reach their highest diversity in the cool montane forests of New Guinea, with over 600 recorded species.
    cld1314654.jpg
  • Closeup of the colorful inflorescence of Amorphophallus julaihii. Like other aroids, the small male flower (visible) are located above the female flowers (hidden inside the spathe). This species is endemic to limestone forest in northern Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • This large and showy orchid (Dendrobium sanderae) grows epiphytically on trees in the mountains of Luzon Island. Aurora, Philippines.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Aerangis articulata). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A fan palm (Licuala valida) reaches towards the light in the understory of the Borneo rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Southern Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), its fur covered with sticky seeds of a tropical grass (Pharus sp.), which is specialized for being dispersed by mammals. Colón, Panama.
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  • Water trumpet (Cryptocoryne ferruginea). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • At nightfall, a Tepui Tree Frog (Tepuihyla obscura) emerges from the folds of a carnivorous bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) in which it has sheltered for the day. Although receiving rain almost daily, the summits of Venezuela’s tepui mountains are exposed to volatile weather patterns, with mist often giving way to brutally intense sunlight over a span of a few minutes. A lack of shade-providing trees means that there is little to protect delicate animals such as amphibians, hence these water-filled bromeliads provide an ideal refuge from the harsh climate fluctuations. The slippery wax-coated leaves, which are designed to trap insects, are no hindrance to the frogs. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Wild ginger (Etlingera rubromarginata). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia cuprea. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Darwin's Orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale). Canal des Pangalanes, Madagascar.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium dekockii). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Ginger (Etlingera sp.). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1314665.jpg
  • Bulbophyllum medusae. This orchid is named for the resemblance of its flowers to the serpentine hair of the mythical Greek creature.  A single inflorescence, which lasts only a few days, is composed of 30-100 tiny flowers each with long slender sepals.  It is found in Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia.
    cld05110819.jpg
  • Dendrobium bracteosum, an epiphytic orchid blooms in submontane forest in eastern Halmahera. North Maluku, Indonesia.
    cld1403225.jpg
  • At nightfall, a Tepui Tree Frog (Tepuihyla obscura) emerges from the folds of a carnivorous bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) in which it has sheltered for the day. Although receiving rain almost daily, the summits of Venezuela’s tepui mountains are exposed to volatile weather patterns, with mist often giving way to brutally intense sunlight over a span of a few minutes. A lack of shade-providing trees means that there is little to protect delicate animals such as amphibians, hence these water-filled bromeliads provide an ideal refuge from the harsh climate fluctuations. The slippery wax-coated leaves, which are designed to trap insects, are no hindrance to the frogs. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
    cld09012874.jpg
  • Dwarf palm (Dypsis pumila) on summit of Mount Marojejy. Marojejy National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Leaf of Colocasia gigantea with round holes left by feeding Chrysomelid beetle (Aplosonyx ancora). The beetle bites circular leaf trenches to drain the leaf of its toxic latex prior to consumption. Ha Giang, Vietnam.
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  • Helmet Orchid (Corybas crenulatus). This species is endemic to Borneo, where it grows in thick moss on limestone rocks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Weevil (Cholus ellipsifer) on palm inflorescence. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Malagasy Green Sunbird (Cinnyris notatus) feeding at flowers of Ravenala grandis. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium cf. jabiense). The genus Dendrobium reaches its greatest diversity in New Guinea, where about 560 species (over a third of the genus) have so far been recorded.
    cld1314278.jpg
  • Borneo's orchid flora is estimated to comprise as many as 3000 species. Many remain unnamed and undescribed by science, including this tiny species (Bulbophyllum sp.). Although many Bulbophyllum flowers entice pollinators by unusual, often foul-smelling, odors, the bug-like appearance of this species' flowers may play a role in luring insects, a case of Pouyannian mimicry. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Epidendrum polyanthum). Cordillera de Talamanca, Panama.
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  • Swamp forest dominated by Moriche Palm (Mauritia flexuosa) covers vast areas of the Amazon Basin. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Nearly a thousand kilometers from the nearest landmass, the islands of the Seychelles are distantly isolated at the western end of the Indian Ocean. Much of these granitic islands were once cloaked in dense rainforest, harboring a unique array of flora and fauna found nowhere else. Here, a grove of the Seychelles Stilt Palm (Verschaffeltia splendida) dominates the lower forest canopy with its enormous undivided leaves. Like many of the endemic plants it is under threat from both invasive species and habitat loss.
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  • This tiny orchid (Crepidium damusicum) grows only on the rocky banks of streams in northern Borneo.  Like other rheophytic plants, the slender leaves of this species are adapted to tolerate occasional floods of swiftly running water. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wild torch ginger (Etlingera velutina longipedunculata), pollinated by spiderhunter birds. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A carnivoruos bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) growing in marshy grassland of the Gran Sabana. Bolivar, Venezuela.
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  • The seasonally dry savanna landscape of Rinca Island is dominated by Lontar Palms (Borassus flabellifer). East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
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  • Cloud forest is a widespread biome in mountains of Central and South America, where hot humid equatorial air rises into the cool mountains.  Here the humidity and precipitation are so high that the trees frequently become covered with epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Alocasia reginae. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dense bamboo forest along edges of Huai Kha Khaeng River, consisting mostly of huge stands of Giant Thorny Bamboo (Bambusa bambos). Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.
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  • The tiny chlorophyll-free flowers of a Thismia (T. cf. filiformis), a mycoheterotrophic plant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Licuala orbicularis, an understory palm endemic to the rainforests of Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation showing small riparian buffer zones along rivers. Northern Borneo.
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  • Slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum volonteanum). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Terrestrial orchid (Peristylus goodyeroides). South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium angiense). The genus Dendrobium reaches its greatest diversity in New Guinea, where about 560 species (over a third of the genus) have so far been recorded. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1314152.jpg
  • A Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas) receives a droplet of sweet honeydew from the abdomen of a juvenile leaf-footed bug (Notobitus sp.). The bugs, which obtain more sugar than they need from the plant juices they feed on, are fiercely guarded by the ants in return. Mutually beneficial trophobiotic relationships such as this are very advantageous in the competitive ecosystem of the rainforest. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Helmet Orchid (Corybas crenulatus). This species is endemic to Borneo, where it grows in thick moss on limestone rocks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld05110611.jpg
  • Orchid (Otostylis lepida) growing by streamside. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Fairy lantern (Thismia ornata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld05110628.jpg
  • The stinking inflorescence of a corpse lily (Amorphophallus hewittii) last only a few days before withering. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld09050622.jpg
  • The seasonally dry savanna landscape of Rinca Island is dominated by Lontar Palms (Borassus flabellifer). East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
    cld1100290.jpg
  • This miniature orchid (Bulbophyllum amauroloma) grows on small branches in the understory of mossy montane forest. It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi.
    cld1600600.jpg
  • This epiphytic orchid (Chelonistele sulphurea) occurs in montane forests from Sumatra, through Malaysia and Borneo to the Philippines. The flowers are small and fragrant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1315671.jpg
  • Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation showing small riparian buffer zones along rivers. Northern Borneo.
    cld1200813.jpg
  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
    cld1722569.jpg
  • A bromeliad (Brocchinia tatei) grows from a rock crevice on the rocky summit of Roraima Tepui. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
    cld09020644.jpg
  • Orchid (Bulbophyllum canisopterum). East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Calathea sp. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • A clearing in raiforest is dominated by wild banana trees (Musa sp.). Ha Giang, Vietnam.
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  • Understory palm (Asterogyne martiana). Utría National Natural Park, Chocó, Colombia.
    cld1813275.jpg
  • Helmet Orchid (Corybas pictus). East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
    cld1816660.jpg
  • Giant Banana (Musa ingens). Enormous trunks (c. 1m in diameter) of this giant wild banana which is endemic to the mountains of New Guinea. Although vegetatively the largest species of Musa, reaching over 15m in height, the fruits are small and inedible. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium vexillarius). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1714381.jpg
  • Orchid (Robiquetia brevifolia). Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka.
    cld1829586.jpg
  • Unseen since its original discovery in 1866 by Odoardo Beccarii, the elusive Thismia neptunis was found again in western Borneo in 2018. Like other mycoheterotrophic plants, it is unable to photosynthesize and derives its sustenance entirely from subterranean fungi. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1905302.jpg
  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1503310.jpg
  • This freshwater swamp on Halmahera is dominated by enormous tree-like Pandanus (Pandanus papuanus). Stilt roots enable the plants to anchor themselves in the unstable and anaerobic mud. This is habitat for the  rare Invisible Rail (Habroptila wallacii). North Maluku, Indonesia.
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