Chien C. Lee

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  • Sunlight filters through lowland rainforest into the entrance of a limestone cave in Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Large sandstone boulders and stunted elfin forest the summit plateau of Gunung Murud, Sarawak's highest mountain. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit-piercing moth (Eudocima phalonia) using its stout proboscis to feed on the sweet juice of wild figs (Ficus fistulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata), a limestone lithophytic carnivorous plant, here growing on a cliff 250m above the rainforest canopy. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Near the summit of Gunung Murud (Sarawak's highest mountain), an newly described species of tiny bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) hides within the fluid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis), apparently unaffected by the plant's digestive juices therein. Phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) provide living quarters and breeding grounds for many unique creatures which are completely dependent on them. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A newly discovered pitcher plant (Nepenthes appendiculata) from montane mossy forest in Sarawak. This species is remarkable by the unusual glandular appendage found at the tip of the pitcher lid, which probably serves to attract insect prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Found throughout the lowland rainforests of Sarawak, the loud honking call of the Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus) is commonly heard before the onset of heavy thunderstorms.  When disturbed it remains completely motionless, relying on its excellent camouflage to escape detection from potential predators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wasp-mimicking moth (Atrijuglans hetaohei). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stag beetle (Prosopocoilus occipitalis), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An uncommon species in Sarawak, the Sunda Free-tailed Bat (Mops mops) often forages at night high above forest clearings for insects. It often roosts in hollow trees. Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Land snail (Vitrinula moluensis), a rare species endemic to limestone in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Gnathopalystes sp.), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of the world's most endangered primates, the Bornean Banded Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas) has been threatened by both habitat loss and hunting. Now, only a few isolated populations remain in coastal Sarawak, with an estimated total of just a few hundred individuals. They feed on foliage and fruits in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nycticebus menagensis. One of four species of Slow Loris found in Borneo. All Slow Loris are nocturnal arboreal primates which feed on small animals, insects and soft fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle (Notochelys platynota). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogon) roosts in caves and large rock crevices, emerging at night to feed on insects high above the forest canopy. It is found throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It's echolocation calls while flying are audible as high pitched clicks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A tannin-colored stream meanders through freshwater swamp forest in Sarawak. Trees with stilt roots, pneumatophores, and buttresses, are more abundant in this waterlogged habitat, which is frequently flooded by rains. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bush-tailed Moth (Dudusa vethi), using defensive posture to expose urticating hairs on the tip of its abdomen. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Banded Malaysian Coralsnake (Calliophis intestinalis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rafflesia tuan-mudae, male flower. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia puncakborneensis, a new Bornean endemic described in 2020. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cave crab (Stygothelphusa cranbrooki), endemic to a single limestone cave in western Borneo. Like other cave-adapted crabs it has elongated legs and has lost most of its pigment. However, although living in complete darkness it has not yet lost function of its eyes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • It’s always important to have a backup plan. The first line of defense for most stick insects is of course their excellent camouflage, but sometimes this just isn’t enough. If this giant Diesbachia sophiae is attacked, it suddenly transforms from a green stick into a startling display by raising its boldly checkered wings. This may be enough to make some predators think twice before going in for the kill, giving enough time for the insects to escape. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Common Mormon Swallowtail (Papilio polytes). This young butterfly caterpillar avoids predation by appearing unappealingly similar to a bird dropping. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes stenophylla), upper pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), infant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Undoubtedly one of the world's most remarkable plants, the parasitic Rafflesia holds the record for having the largest flower, sometimes reching over one meter across. Their macabre beauty belies a clever deception: the dark reddish coloration and putrid stench of the bloom mimic the rotting carcass of an animal, which thus lures carrion flies into the interior chamber where they will pollinate it. There are around 30 species in the genus, with variable flower sizes, this being R. tuan-mudae from Borneo, one of the largest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Three-banded Bridled Snake (Lycodon tristrigatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The karst of the Melinau Limestone Formation gives Mulu National Park its rugged terrain. These forests and caves abound with many endemic species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-lipped Shrub Lizard (Pelturagonia nigrilabris). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Long-tailed Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tortoise beetles (Basiprionota decempustulata), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Death's-head Hawkmoth (Acherontia lachesis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few things exemplify the incredible complexity of rainforest ecosystems more than that of mutualisms between species. Here, a group of Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) tend to a pair of lanternflies (Pyrops cultellatus), a relationship that has a net benefit for both species. The lanternflies, feeding directly from the phloem of the tree with their piercing straw-like mouthparts, harvest much more sugar-rich fluid than they actually need; the excess being excreted intermittently as a squirt of honeydew droplets from their abdomen. The ants position themselves directly behind and below the lanternflies and intercept these droplets with their heads, then consume the fluid and share it with their nestmates. In return, the ants guard the lanternflies and will ferociously attack any potential threat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all Borneo's frogs: the Borneo Flying Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis). These gliding amphibians spend most of their life in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to ground level. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A confusing array of small Microhylid frogs occur in Borneo and it is likely that many cryptic species such as this one (Nanohyla cf. perparva) await distinction. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sphinx moth (Marumba tigrina). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Two Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) from different colonies confront each other in a territorial dispute.  Rather than engage in full combat, this species usually resolves such conflict in a series of ritualistc fights. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Darkling beetle (Tetraphyllus sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Paradise Tree Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Geometrid moth (Agathia deliciosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis) is a large arboreal agamid lizard endemic to the rainforests of Borneo. It feeds on ants and spiders. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This small dung beetle (Paragymnopleurus maurus) is preparing a ball made from monkey droppings in which it will deposit its eggs and then bury. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Parasitic plant (Balanophora papuana), female inflorescences. Completely lacking chlorophyll, Balanophora plants are parasitic on tree roots. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all damselflies, Neurobasis longipes is an inhabitant of clear rocky streams within lowland rainforest. The males (pictured here) utilize their metallic golden and green wings in courtship displays above swift flowing water. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leaf-mining beetle (Botryonopa sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Undoubtedly one of the world's most remarkable plants, the parasitic Rafflesia holds the record for having the largest flower, sometimes reching over one meter across. Their macabre beauty belies a clever deception: the dark reddish coloration and putrid stench of the bloom mimic the rotting carcass of an animal, which thus lures carrion flies into the interior chamber where they will pollinate it. There are around 30 species in the genus, with variable flower sizes, this being R. tuan-mudae from Borneo, one of the largest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld05120636.jpg
  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes veitchii), a terrestrial form of this usually epiphytic species.  Endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld05082646.jpg
  • Undoubtedly one of the world's most remarkable plants, the parasitic Rafflesia holds the record for having the largest flower, sometimes reching over one meter across. Their macabre beauty belies a clever deception: the dark reddish coloration and putrid stench of the bloom mimic the rotting carcass of an animal, which thus lures carrion flies into the interior chamber where they will pollinate it. There are around 30 species in the genus, with variable flower sizes, this being R. tuan-mudae from Borneo, one of the largest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld05120607.jpg
  • The Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus) is an arboreal species, often laying in wait for prey on the same branch for weeks at a time. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1605024.jpg
  • There is a magic moment that exists between the end of day and the fall of night - in the Bornean rainforest this is signaled by the wailing of cicadas, with the deepening darkness abruptly revealing many things that were unseen in the light. Here, a cluster of Luminous Porecaps (Favolaschia manipularis) begin to show their innate greenish glow at dusk. It is believed that this bioluminescence plays a role in spore dispersal: in the still air of the rainforest understory these mushrooms gain and advantage by having wood-feeding insects (which are attracted to their light) carry the spore to new locations. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Australasian Giant Centipede (Ethmostigmus rubripes rubripes), recently molted juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Short Python (Python breitensteini). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ant-mimicking mantis (Acromantinae), nymph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Katydid (Promeca sp.), female. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Heteropoda sp.). Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Marauder Ants (Carebara affinis) attacking a beetle grub. The minor workers are assisted by their larger sisters, the majors and super-majors, which use their powerful mandibles to cut the grub into smaller pieces. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gunung Mulu, at 2376 m it is the second highest peak in Sarawak. It is surrounded by virgin rainforest in the hyper-biodiverse 528 sq. km Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A male Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) allows its wings to expand and harden after emerging from its cocoon.  It will now live only long enough to find a mate. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Nephelaphyllum pulchrum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lynx spider (Hamadruas superba) preying on plant bug (Alydidae). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rough-sided Frog (Pulchrana glandulosa). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Parastheneboea neglecta, a rare stick insect known from only a few specimens from the rainforest of western Borneo. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Compact clumps of the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes campanulata grow on the vertical walls of a limestone cliff nearly a hundred meters above the canopy of the rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of Borneo's most famous endemic mammals, the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is restricted to coastal swamp forests and mangroves. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stick insect (Orthomeria superba), male showing parasitic mites. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Anglehead Lizard (Gonocephalus bornensis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Katydid (Scambophyllum sp.), juvenile female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cave cricket (Diestrammena sp.). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the Banded Coral Snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is not aggressive, it possesses an extremely toxic venom like other Elapids. When disturbed it displays its red tail and the brightly colored bands on its undersurface which serve as a warning signal to would-be predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Phaius subtrilobus. This large and showy terrestrial orchid is endemic to submontane forests in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees including mangroves and bananas. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Blue-eyed Angle-headed Lizard (Gonocephalus liogaster), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Paradise Tree Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orthostheneboea exotica, female (Previously Parastheneboea), a moss-mimicking stick insect endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Terrestrial orchid (Tainia paucifolia). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mantis (Mythomantis serrata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lined Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis lineatus) also known as Blanford's Pipe Snake, a rare species endemic to Borneo and known from only a few specimens. When threatened, this species defends itself by raising its tail which is thickened and colored to appear as a head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stilt-legged weevil (Talanthia phalangium). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean rainforest trees generally have relatively shallow root systems because moisture is abundant and nutrients are most available near the surface of the soil. Reinforcement of tree's stability is provided in some species by conspicuous root buttresses. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Borneo rainforest understory is home to a great diversity of fan palms, with nearly 50 species recorded. Many, including this species (Licuala petiolulata), are endemic to the island. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A giant leaf katydid (Pseudophyllus hercules), one of the world's largest, rests in the rainforest understory. Active only at night, they use their superb camouflage to remain undetected by predators during the day. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) swoops in to select a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa) growing directly on the trunk of the tree. Rather than eating on the spot, the bat will carry the fig off to a favorite perch where it can dine in safety, thus helping to spread the tree's seeds. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Jumping spider-mimicking planthopper (Rhotana hirashimai). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dumeril's Monitor (Varanus dumerilii), juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ant-hunting spider (Mallinella sp.) predating a Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas ssp. borneensis), which it also mimics. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes rafflesiana). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii), green morph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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