Chien C. Lee

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  • Nepenthes undulatifolia, a newly described pitcher plant from the montane forests of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The Twin-barred Flying Snake (Chrysopelea pelias) is the smallest and rarest of Southeast Asia's flying snake species. Like other Chrysopelea, this snake hunts lizards and is almost completely arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogon) roosts in caves and large rock crevices, emerging at night to feed on insects high above the forest canopy. It is found throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It's echolocation calls while flying are audible as high pitched clicks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Violin Beetle (Mormolyce matejmiciaki). Violin Beetles are found in forested habitats in tropical Southeast Asia. Their bizarre flattened wing-sheaths allow them to maneuver under tree bark and cracks where they hunt for other insects. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix graydoni), considered by some to be a subspecies of Chestnut-necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix charltonii) from mainland Southeast Asia. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pompelon marginata. This beautifully colored day-flying moth is a member of the Burnet Moth Family (Zygaenidae). It is widespread in Southeast Asia where its caterpillars feed on the leaves of wild cinnamon. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a common pest across Southeast Asia and its large fatty grubs ('sago worms') are often consumed by local people. Recent molecular studies have shown that the once synonymized R. vulneratus (shown here) of Borneo and Indonesia, represents a distinct species from R. ferrugineus, despite the great deal of color variation in each. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Smooth Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is the largest otter species in Southeast Asia, reaching up to 1.3 meters in length. Smooth Otters mate for life and hunt cooperatively for fish. Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gunnera macrophylla is the only member of its genus from Southeast Asia and is widespread from Malaysia to Vanuatu.  Like other members of the genus, this plant harbours symbiotic cyanobacteria within its stems. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • The Asian Eyebrow-ridge Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a common species widespread in South and Southeast Asia.  It has a distinctive large parotoid glands behind the head, which are known to secrete a toxic substance when the toad is disturbed.
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  • Many tropical butterfly species congregate on sandy river banks to supplement their diet with dissolved minerals or animal urine. These are the Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae), a species of swallowtail (family Papilionidae) widespread across Southeast Asia. Uthai Thani, Thailand.
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  • Violin Beetle (Mormolyce matejmiciaki). Violin Beetles are found in forested habitats in tropical Southeast Asia. Their bizarre flattened wing-sheaths allow them to maneuver under tree bark and cracks where they hunt for other insects. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • With its rapidly mobile marginal tentacles, this small carnivorous sundew (Drosera burmannii) is able to secure a trapped insect and transport it towards the centre of its leaves where it can be digested. It occurs widely in wet sandy habitats across Southeast Asia. Kampot, Cambodia.
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  • Among the most cryptically camouflaged of all invertebrates, leaf insects (Phyllium spp.) are difficult to find in their natural habitat. Many new species have been described from Southeast Asia in recent years. This is a subadult female (P. arthurchungi) from the rainforest of northern Borneo.
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  • Like most snail-eating snakes, the Blunt-headed Tree Snake (Aplopeltura boa) is small and slender with an abnormally large head. They possess an asymmetric arrangement of teeth in their lower jaw which enables them to pry snails from their shells (most of which swirl in a clockwise direction) by a process referred to as "mandible walking". This species is widespread in Southeast Asia and ranges from Myanmar to the Philippines and Sunda islands. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Smooth Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is the largest otter species in Southeast Asia, reaching up to 1.3 meters in length. Smooth Otters mate for life and hunt cooperatively for fish. Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Phyllium bioculatum.  Leaf insects (family Phylliidae) are found in tropical forested areas in South and Southeast Asia.  They are slow-moving foliage eaters and rely on their incredible camouflage for defense.  West Java, Indonesia.
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  • The Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus) is a highly venomous species, ranging throughout much of Southeast Asia.  Like other green vipers it is an arboreal ambush predator. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Widespread throughout much of Southeast Asia, the Sunbeam Snake ((Xenopeltis unicolor)) is a burrowing species commonly associated with cultivated areas. It is named after the rainbow-like iridescence of its scales. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila) is a widespread inhabitant of coastal and riverine forests in Southeast Asia, where it hunts for small mammals, reptiles (including other snakes), and birds. A rear-fanged snake, research has revealed that its venom is specifically tailored to affect birds and is relatively ineffective in subduing mammals (although bites in humans can cause pain and inflammation). This is the first known occurrence of a bird-specific toxin. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Not all mushrooms have gills, as a view from underneath these delicate pore fungi (Favolaschia pustulosa) reveals. This species is widespread in Southeast Asia on decaying wood. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An adult Common Butterfly Lizard (Leiolepis belliana) keeps a watchful eye out for predators whilst her young remain at the entrance of the nest burrow.  Nine species of butterfly lizards are known from the drier sandy regions of Southeast Asia, but their life-history is poorly documented. Uthai Thani, Thailand.
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  • The Collared Fig (Ficus crassiramea) is a large strangler, occurring in lowland and coastal forests throughout much of Southeast Asia. Figs are a vital keystone species, providing an important and reliable food source for a great variety of frugivorous birds and mammals. Tanjung Datu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The limestone mountains of Mulu National Park are some of the highest and most spectacular in all Southeast Asia, having been uplifted and eroded by weather over millions of years. The famous 'Pinnacles' occur on the shoulder of Gunung Api, with the prominent Gunung Benarat seen in the background. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Red-crowned Barbet (Psilopogon rafflesii), a frugivorous bird from the rainforests of Southeast Asia. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Undoubtedly one of the rarest and most peculiar of all Borneo's reptiles: the Bornean Horned Lizard (Harpesaurus borneensis). The males of this species are unique in possessing a distinctive horn at the tip of their snout, a trait not seen in the females nor found in any other Bornean lizard. Even more unusual, this is the only known agamid lizard in Southeast Asia to give birth to live young rather than laying eggs. As only a few specimens of this species have ever been found, its full life history and distribution in Borneo are still largely unknown. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Red River Fig (Ficus racemosa) is a common tree found along watercourses across Southeast Asia. The figs (which ripen red) are produced in large clusters along the trunk and branches (cauliflory) and are an important food source for a wide range of animals including bats, civets, orangutan, elephants, and hornbills. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Southeast Asian Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Some of the most noticeable spiders of the Southeast Asian tropical rainforests are the huntsmans (family Sparassidae); not only do they reach impressive sizes and are often colorful but because they don’t use webs for their prey capture they can easily be seen hunting in understory vegetation at night. Some, such as this Lichen Huntsman (Pandercetes sp.) are harder to find than most due to their cryptic camouflage. This female specimen rests atop her equally camouflaged egg sac which has been neatly woven into the fold of a dead leaf. Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The enormous Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), sometimes called the Goliath Cockatoo, is one of the largest parrots in Asia. It is found in the rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A colony on the move: a swarm of giant stinging ants (Leptogenys chalybaea) moves across the Borneo rainforest floor carrying their brood (grubs, pupa, and winged reproductives). These are Asia’s equivalent of ‘army ants’: nomadic hunters that deplete their prey in one area before moving their entire nest to a new site every few days. Leptogenys ants, and this species in particular, are aggressive and possess a painful sting, reasons that they are well respected by other animals in the forest. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A colony on the move: a swarm of giant stinging ants (Leptogenys chalybaea) moves across the Borneo rainforest floor carrying their brood (grubs, pupa, and winged reproductives). These are Asia’s equivalent of ‘army ants’: nomadic hunters that deplete their prey in one area before moving their entire nest to a new site every few days. Leptogenys ants, and this species in particular, are aggressive and possess a painful sting, reasons that they are well respected by other animals in the forest. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit-piercing moth (Eudocima phalonia) using its stout proboscis to feed on the sweet juice of wild figs (Ficus fistulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Jade Tree Frog (Zhangixalus dulitensis). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
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  • Red-bearded Bee-Eater (Nyctyornis amictus), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Painted Slender Litter Frog (Leptolalax pictus). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata), a limestone lithophytic carnivorous plant, here growing on a cliff 250m above the rainforest canopy. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Like other small animals of the forest understory, this Borneo Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis) must juggle his attention between searching for prey (insects and spiders) while keeping a watchful eye out for larger predators. Although this species is unable to glide like the closely-related Dracos, it is nevertheless an agile climber and can move swiftly up and down trees. The impressive mane on the back of this male signifies his maturity - we will readily defend his territory against rival males. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rafflesia keithii. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Green Tree Python (Morelia azurea), juvenile.
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  • Many large tarrantulas, such as this species (Cyriopagopus doriae), make their burrows along the steep banks of small streams where they lie in wait for passing insects and small froglets. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ant-hunting spider (Mallinella sp.) predating a Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas ssp. borneensis), which it also mimics. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii), green morph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunrise and mist over virgin rainforest in northern Borneo. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Tiger Leech (Haemadipsa sp. aff. picta). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wasp-mimicking moth (Atrijuglans hetaohei). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • View of canopy of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest during a mass flowering event. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys moultoni). Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Asian Ant Mantis (Odontomantis sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lichen huntsman spider (Pandercetes cf. nigrogularis). South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Stag beetle (Prosopocoilus occipitalis), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Larut Bush Frog (Philautus larutensis), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Longhorn beetle (Sphingnotus mirabilis). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • With over 60,000 currently recognized species (and perhaps double that still awaiting discovery), rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) are without a doubt the most diverse family of organisms on the planet. Most are relatively unnoticed because of their often diminutive size and secretive habits, but a few species such as this predatory one (Actinus imperialis) are larger and more colorful. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dung beetle (Paragymnopleurus sparsus), rolling scat of Sambar Deer. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider (Gnathopalystes sp.), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nycticebus menagensis. One of four species of Slow Loris found in Borneo. All Slow Loris are nocturnal arboreal primates which feed on small animals, insects and soft fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • When approached by a potential predator, these amazingly camouflaged leaf grasshoppers (Chorotypus sp.) align their flattened bodies with the leaf they are perched on and remain completely still to accentuate their mimicry. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A deceptive beauty: this tiny epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cuthbertsonii), which bears flowers that last for up to nine months and are larger than the entire plant itself, offers no nectar reward for visiting pollinators. However, it appears remarkably similar in appearance to nectar-rich Rhododendrons which have flowers the same color and size and grow nearby. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle (Notochelys platynota). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leaf katydid (Cratioma oculatum), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A fan palm (Licuala valida) reaches towards the light in the understory of the Borneo rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes rafflesiana), upper pitcher. Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • A nocturnal Net-casting Spider (Asianopis sp.) lies in wait for an insect to venture beneath. Between its front legs it holds an expandable sticky white web which it will use to fling over its prey, ensnaring it.  These are sometimes referred to as 'Ogre-faced Spiders' because of the extremely large posterior median eyes which allow them to see in darkness. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wild nutmeg (Myristica sp.), fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flat-nosed Pitviper (Craspedocephalus puniceus). West Java, Indonesia.
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  • Epiphytic orchid (Vanda limbata). East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
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  • Extremely agile on the wing, the Bat Hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) is a specialist predator of bats and swiftlets, often waiting near cave entrances for its prey to emerge. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flower mantis (Theopropus elegans), female. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis terrificus). Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • An enormous pitcher trap (Nepenthes rafflesiana) rests on the forest floor, an open but sinister invitation for wandering insects. This carnivorous plant has been known to occasionally catch and consume mice in its voluminous pitchers which can reach over 40cm in height. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • Batang Ai National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A crystal-clear stream flows through the forest at Khao Nor Chuchi Wildlife Sanctuary.  These spring-fed waters which emerge from limestone rock are highly alkaline and contain high amounts of dissolved calcium carbonate. Krabi, Thailand.
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  • A male Whitehead's Broadbill (Calyptomena whiteheadi) returns to its nest where it passes food to the hungry chick. Both male and female care for the nestlings, providing insects and fruit, as well as removing fecal pellets. This scarcely-seen species is the largest of all the green broadbills (reaching 27cm in length) and is endemic to the montane forests of Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Threatened by habitat loss and hunting pressure, the Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra nigra) is now listed as Critically Endangered. This species lives only in forested areas at the northernmost tip of the island of Sulawesi. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Hikida's Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus hikidanus). Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Not all gaudy appearances are a disguise – some are simply a warning. Quite a number of moth species deceptively mimic the shape and color of stinging insects (such as wasps and bees), but others such as this Window-winged Moth (Glanycus coendersi) don’t appear to resemble any particular model. Instead, the bright aposematic coloration of this insect is believed to be a bold advertisement of its distastefulness. This defense works as an effective signal to predators, thereby allowing the moth to exploit other lifestyle advantages such as foraging during daylight hours (e.g. this is a diurnal species) while other moths must retreat into hiding until nightfall. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Banded Malaysian Coralsnake (Calliophis intestinalis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alocasia puncakborneensis, a new Bornean endemic described in 2020. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Aerial view of primary forest during a mass flowering event. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Common Mormon Swallowtail (Papilio polytes). This young butterfly caterpillar avoids predation by appearing unappealingly similar to a bird dropping. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Three-banded Bridled Snake (Lycodon tristrigatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Trilobite beetle (Platerodrilus foliaceus), female. East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • The karst of the Melinau Limestone Formation gives Mulu National Park its rugged terrain. These forests and caves abound with many endemic species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Striped Bladderwort (Utricularia striatula). Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Superbly adapted for its specific microhabitat, this Bornean Bark Mantis (Theopompa borneana) blends almost seamlessly with the tree where it lives. These efficient predators hunt for insects on the sides of trees using their superb vision, speed, and spiny raptorial front legs. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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