Chien C. Lee

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  • A Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) returns to its roost in a pitcher of Nepenthes hemsleyana. This recently discovered mutualism benefits both parties. The bats obtain a secure shelter safe from predators and rain, and the plants derive a significant portion of their nitrogen from the bat's droppings. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogon) roosts in caves and large rock crevices, emerging at night to feed on insects high above the forest canopy. It is found throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It's echolocation calls while flying are audible as high pitched clicks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nectar-feeding bats play an essential role in the pollination of many rainforest trees. Here, a Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) arrives at the night-blooming blossoms of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus). Prized for its delectable aromatic fruit, the productivity of many durian plantations is under threat where the native bat populations have been killed off by hunters. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Greater Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx bilineata). Colón, Panama.
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  • The nocturnal blossoms of a wild durian (Durio kutejensis) are visited by a Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea). Although also attracting bees, birds, and other small pollinators during the day, the flowers of this tree open fully at dusk whereupon they begin to produce copious amounts of rich mango-scented nectar – an enticing draw for a bat with a keen sense of smell and an irresistible sweet tooth. With their ability to travel great distances and visit countless flowers in a single night, nectar-feeding bats play a vital role in the pollination of many rainforest plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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  • Intermediate Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros larvatus). Yunnan, China.
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  • The Dusky Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasi) roosts in large colonies in caves, though like most other fruit bats it is not capable of echolocation and relies on its keen eyesight for navigation.  It emerges at night to feed on a variety of fruits, often carrying food back to its roost to eat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A view of a hanging Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) from below reveals its remarkable face. The elaborate noseleaves help the bat to focus its echolocation calls, with the various parts shaped for different frequencies. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) swoops in to select a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa) growing directly on the trunk of the tree. Rather than eating on the spot, the bat will carry the fig off to a favorite perch where it can dine in safety, thus helping to spread the tree's seeds. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lesser Bare-backed fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), feeding on fig. Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Although the blooms of this rare mangrove tree (Pelliciera rhizophorae) are visited by hummingbirds in the day, the flowers remain open at night and exude a strong musty odor to attract an entirely different animal. Captured by an infrared camera trigger, a Leaf-nosed Bat (Glossophaga soricina) approaches an open flower to partake of the rich source of nectar. Nectar-feeding bats are common in the tropics and are responsible for the pollination of a great number of tree species. Choco, Colombia.
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  • A Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) visits the flowers of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus) which open to release their nectar only at night. This bat, which is one of the smallest fruit bats, is an important pollinator of not only durian but many other forest trees. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees including mangroves and bananas. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The bizzare Naked Bat (Cheiromeles torquatus) is the heaviest insectivorous bat in the world and, as its name suggests, is almost completely hairless. It often hunts insects above the forest canopy or along rivers, but also occasionally descends to the ground to catch crawling prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Deep within spiral of an unfurled Ravenala leaf, a Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) roosts in safety. With its adhesive pads it is able to cling to the smooth surface of the leaf where even insects cannot find a foothold. In this way, Myzopoda are remarkably free of the ectoparasites which plague most other bat species. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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  • Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) roosting in a pitcher of Nepenthes hemsleyana. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • A Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) rests while hanging from a twig of an understory forest tree in Danum Valley. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) at a pitcher of Nepenthes hemsleyana (N. baramensis) where it roosts. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • Fruit and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae) play an important role in the dispersal and pollination of many rainforest trees including figs, bananas, and durian. Over 17 species occur in Borneo, including the widespread Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, pictured here). Unlike insectivorous bats, most Pteropodids do not echolocate and instead rely on their large eyes and keen sense of smell for nocturnal navigation. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Lesser False Vampire Bat (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The largest horseshoe bat in Borneo, the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus luctus) inhabits lowland forests where it can usually be found roosting in small colonies under rocky overhangs or shallow caves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • After quickly selecting a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa), a Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) makes off with her prize to dine some distance away at a safe perch, thereby helping to disperse the tree's seeds that will ultimately lead to fruit for her future generations. Figs reach their pinnacle of diversity in Borneo with at least 150 species and, perhaps more than any other group of plants, are considered keystone species of the rainforest because of the complex interdependences they exhibit with countless animals and insects. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus borneensis). Bukit Sarang Conservation Area, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An uncommon species in Sarawak, the Sunda Free-tailed Bat (Mops mops) often forages at night high above forest clearings for insects. It often roosts in hollow trees. Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White Bat Flower (Tacca integrifolia). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A pair of Lesser False Vampire Bats (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A pair of Lesser False Vampire Bats (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Hills covered with Traveller's Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), habitat for Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat (Myzopoda aurita) which roost in the young unfurled leaves. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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  • A large colony of Wrinkle-lipped Bats (Chaerephon plicata) emerges from a cave at dusk. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Short-nosed Fruit Bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) roosting under a wild banana leaf. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Deer Cave (located in Mulu National Park) is one of the world's largest cave passages, with an opening chamber over 120 meters in height. It is home to an estimated 5 million bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Extremely agile on the wing, the Bat Hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) is a specialist predator of bats and swiftlets, often waiting near cave entrances for its prey to emerge. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Arguably Madagascar’s most iconic insect: the Comet Moth (Argema mittrei). Despite its obvious beauty, the long twisted tails of its wings aren’t made for aesthetic purposes – recent studies have shown that they play an important role in defense against their main predator: echolocating bats. When closing in for a kill, the acoustic reflections from the tail confuse the bat so that it misses the moth’s body, often ending up with nothing but a bit of broken tail in its mouth. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Arguably Madagascar’s most iconic insect: the Comet Moth (Argema mittrei). Despite its obvious beauty, the long twisted tails of its wings aren’t made for aesthetic purposes – recent studies have shown that they play an important role in defense against their main predator: echolocating bats. When closing in for a kill, the acoustic reflections from the tail confuse the bat so that it misses the moth’s body, often ending up with nothing but a bit of broken tail in its mouth. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Unlike New World Heliconia which are famous for their colorful bracts, this  species (Heliconia papuana) from New Guinea and the South Pacific are distinguished by their predominantly green inflorescences. Most are pollinated by nectar-feeding bats. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Red River Fig (Ficus racemosa) is a common tree found along watercourses across Southeast Asia. The figs (which ripen red) are produced in large clusters along the trunk and branches (cauliflory) and are an important food source for a wide range of animals including bats, civets, orangutan, elephants, and hornbills. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Miniature hitchhiker: a tiny pseudoscorpion catches a ride on the leg of a mite (itself only a few millimeters in size). Distant relatives of scorpions, pseudoscorpions lack a stinging tail, instead some are capable of delivering poison through their oversized pincers. They prey on even tinier invertebrates and are often found among decaying leaf litter or rotten wood. Many species utilize other creatures for rapid transport (phoresis): some ride beetles or flies and even one species has been found hitchhiking on bats. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Beauty Ratsnake (Elaphe taeniura grabowskyi) is an adept climber, capable of scaling limestone cave walls where it feeds on roosting bats and swiftlets. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Western Tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus), also known as Horsfield's Tarsier, is a small nocturnal primate occurring in the lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo. They are carnivorous and feed mainly on insects, but occasionally take birds and bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Impressive trees of this enormous Fishtail Palm grow at the entrance of a limestone cave in Mulu National Park. These and many of the other trees growing in the vicinity have grown from seeds carried there by fruit-eating bats which roost in the cave. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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