Chien C. Lee

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  • Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis).  A female making a foam nest on a small tree overhanging a breeding pond.  After depsiting her eggs they will be fertilized by the two accompanying smaller males. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Competition for mates can be fierce at choice breeding sites, especially when the season to raise young may be limited. Here, among the ferns over an ephemeral forest pool, a male Black-dotted Tree Frog (Litoria nigropunctata) (on the left) uses his hind legs to kick an amplexing rival male in an attempt to dislodge him from the back of the female. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • During mating, the male tiger beetle uses his mandibles to grasp the female at the rear of her thorax in a groove called the 'coupling sulcus'. The contours of this groove correspond only to the mandibles of a male of her own species, and prevents interspecific breeding by allowing the female to throw off a male of another species. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Boophis luciae, amplexing pair. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Gold-banded Rain Frog (Pristimantis aureolineatus), pair in amplexus. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), pair in amplexus. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tortoise beetles (Basiprionota decempustulata), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A pair of Short-nosed Tree Frogs (Leptomantis gauni) in amplexus, perched on the foliage of a tree on the bank of a clear stream. Eggs will be deposited in a foam nest overhanging the water so that the emerging tadpoles can drop directly into the stream below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Yellow-flecked Glassfrog (Sachatamia albomaculata). Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • Leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae). Kibale National Park, Uganda.
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  • Tiger Leeches (Haemadipsa picta), mating. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stick insect (Dinophasma saginatum), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mating pair of stick insects (Staelonchodes sodalis) showing extreme dimorphism between male and female of the same species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wasp moths (Amata pseudextensa), mating. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Tiger beetle (Habrodera owas), mating. Canal des Pangalanes, Madagascar.
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  • Leaf-mining beetle (Anisodera sp.), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), in amplexus.  This is the smallest frog in the Old World and it rears its young exclusively in the fluid of pitcher plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The shy Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is a large megapode bird endemic to Sulawesi. They do not build nests but instead bury their eggs in huge pits dug in hot volcanic sand. The precocious young are able to fly and fend for themselves immediately after hatching. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Stick insects (Dajaca monilicornis), mating pair. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • In a habitat that would be deadly to most other insects, the freezing temperatures high on the slopes of Cotopaxi volcano in Ecuador are home to a very unusual walkingstick: Monticomorpha flavolimbata. Feeding on páramo vegetation that is frequently crusted over with frost, this species has been recorded at altitudes of up to 5000m, making it the highest elevation known for any stick insect. Presumably its dark coloration helps it to more efficiently absorb the sun’s fleeting warmth.
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  • Cicadas (Huechys fusca), mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Longhorn beetle (Pericycos teragramus), pair mating. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo), pair digging in black sand for egg laying. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Spider katydid (Paraphisis sp.), female with spermatophore. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Ivohimanita Madagascar Frog (Mantidactylus majori), male guarding eggs. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A male flower scarab (Mecynorhina harrisi), prepared to ward off rivals with his formidable horn, guards a female while she feeds on tree sap. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Ecuadorian Hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo), female feeding juvenile female. Cotopaxi National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Wilson's Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes respublica), male courting female at his display ground. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea)
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  • With a mouthful of dry moss, a Whitehead's Pygmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus whiteheadi) pauses cautiously to make sure nobody is watching before disappearing into its nest in a rock crevice. Endemic to the island of Borneo, this tiny squirrel lives only in cool montane rainforests.
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  • Madagascar’s largest land predator, the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox). This receptive female has climbed a tall tree where she waits for a male who is able to join her on one of the upper branches. Reaching her isn’t always an easy task for the males, which are considerably larger and heavier, and they often face fierce competition when attempting to do so. Kirindy Reserve, Madagascar.
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  • Scarcely larger than your thumb, the Buff-faced Pygmy Parrot (Micropsitta pusio) is the world’s smallest parrot. Here, a mated pair peer out from their nest hole that they have excavated in an arboreal termite mound within the lowland rainforest of western New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Almost indistinguishable from the branch on which it rests, a Papuan Frogmouth (Podargus papuensis) perches motionless next to its chick. Like other frogmouths, these birds scarcely build any nest at all and rely on camouflage to escape the detection of predators. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Only the male Wallace's Standardwing (Semioptera wallacii) possesses the highly ornamental plumage, females being plain brown in coloration. This species is endemic to Halmahera and a few offshore islands and is one of the westernmost birds of paradise (family Paradisaeidae). Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • A small female praying mantis (Aetaella sp.) standing guard over multiple ootheca she has laid on the underside of a leaf. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This female Madagascar Pygmy Kingfisher (Corythornis madagascariensis) has just been gifted a small lizard (Madascincus melanopleura) by her mate as part of a courtship ritual. Despite their name, these birds are not dependent on water, and typically hunt for insects and small vertebrates on the forest floor. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Like some kind of karmic balance, it has often been remarked that the more plain-looking a bird is, the more beautiful its song, whereas those bestowed with gorgeous plumage tend to have simple calls. Research across hundreds of bird species has revealed a negative correlation between these traits, suggesting that there may be a trade-off in visual vs. acoustic signals when it comes to attracting mates. Likely falling at one end of this spectrum, Birds-of-paradise certainly are among the most extravagantly ornamented species in the world, but their highly varied calls often consist of harsh squawks and penetrating whistles, which although extremely loud are anything but melodious. Here, a male Wilson’s BoP (Cicinnurus respublica) raucously advertises his presence above his display ground, though if a female approaches he will fall silent and rely on his feathers for the real game of courtship. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Magnificent Riflebird (Lophorina magnifica), male calling from display perch. Heard far more often than seen, these uncommon and extremely shy birds are responsible for the most quintessential sound of the Papuan rainforest. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus), male calling from his display ground, showing the bright yellow inside of his mouth. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Transforming into an extravagant bouquet of colors and shapes, a male Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus) puts on his best show in the hopes of impressing a female visitor to his courting ground. She has a critical eye for imperfections as she will be selecting him based on the merits of his display alone – a testament to his overall fitness and desirable genes. This selective pressure is the driving force behind the evolution of some of the most incredible avian spectacles in the world.
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  • The incredible vibrance of many Birds-of-paradise is in part due to the deep black feathers which make their more colorful plumage simply ‘pop’. A recent study looking closely at these black feathers found that they had a unique nanostructure that is super-efficient in light absorption. This results in one of the darkest blacks found in nature, rivaling those of highly specialized synthetic materials. Here, a Vogelkop Superb Bird-of-paradise (Lophorina niedda) waits at his display (a fallen log) for the arrival of a female. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With tail feathers nearly a meter long, a male Black Sicklebill (Epimachus fastosus) struts his incredible plumage on a display perch high in the Arfak Mountains of West Papua. One of the largest of all the birds-of-paradise, this shy sicklebill is found only in remote cloud forests on the island of New Guinea. Although normally keeping to the tree tops, the male carefully selects an exposed perch lower in the canopy from where he will call and display for females at dawn.
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  • Usambiro Barbet (Trachyphonus darnaudii usambiro), carrying termites back to nest. Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.
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  • Tessaratomid bug (Pygoplatys lancifer), female guarding eggs. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Smooth Guardian Frog (Limnonectes palavanensis), male transporting tadpoles on back. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea), male on nest. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • It’s impossible for a single image to capture all of the multifaceted ornamentation of a male Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus). Depending on the viewpoint and which of his assets he chooses to flaunt, his display can range from a brilliant metallic green breast plate to a golden yellow nape fan. The remarkable curled tail wires, which often appear black in color, flash an incredible turquoise when the angle is just right – a tool he often uses to bedazzle female visitors to his courting ground. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • One of the most brilliantly colored of all the bowerbirds, the Masked Bowerbird (Sericulus aureus), prepares only a rather simplistic 'U-shaped' avenue of sticks which is adorned with several leaves and blue-berries. The extravagance of bowerbird displays appears to be inversely proportional to the gaudiness of their plumage. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A pair of Madagascar Hoopoes (Upupa marginata) perch outside of their cliffside nest burrow. Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • With delicate precision, a female leaf katydid (Phyllomimus sp.) uses her blade-like ovipositor to open a slit in the stem of a wild ginger (Etlingera velutina) where she will insert her eggs. The young, like miniature versions of their mother but without wings, will disperse soon after hatching. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)
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  • With a flair for home decor, the Vogelkop Bowerbird (Amblyornis inornata) produces perhaps the most artful creation of any animal, all in the name of romance. Here, a male bird shows off his collection of freshly collected flowers, fungi, beetle shells, and blue berries, neatly organized in piles laid out on a mat of meticulously cleaned moss. The twig hut in the back is not a nest - rather its construction is made entirely for the purpose of impressing a visiting female who will choose to mate with him only after a thorough inspection of his display. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With his otherworldly plumage a male Wilson's Bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus respublica) shows off his gaudy colors at a dancing ground he has cleared on the forest floor. Endemic to only two islands off the western coast of New Guinea, Wilson's BoP is surely one of the most bizarre in a family of birds already renowned for their exotic appearances.
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  • A male Sakalava Weaver (Ploceus sakalava) waits at his courtship perch situated below the nesting tree. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • A male Black-naped Monarchs (Hypothymis azurea) at his nest. In these flycatchers both male and female will share equal care in tending to the nestlings. Krabi, Thailand.
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  • A Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta) dips plant fibres in a muddy pool before adding them to its prodigious nest. Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa.
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  • A carefully arranged pile of Aeschynanthus flowers forms the centerpiece of a Vogelkop Bowerbird's (Amblyornis inornata) display. The elaborately constructed twig hut with various colorful ornaments (here including flowers, beetle elytra, and fruit husks) is constructed by the male solely for the purpose of impressing female birds to select him as a mate. Each male will use their own artistic preferences in selecting various colors for their display, and theft of highly desirable items by competitors is a frequent occurrence. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Lichen Spider (Pandercetes sp.), female guarding egg sac. Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • After detecting the presence of a wood-boring grub with her antennae, a female ichneumon wasp drills through the tree bark with her ovipositor to deposit an egg on the insect's body. Halmahera, Indonesia.
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  • A dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys cf. lobata) standing guard over her egg sac. Such behavior might enable her to deter parasitoid wasps from destroying her brood, a common threat for mantises. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • In the coastal forests of northern Borneo, a young Silvery Lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) is groomed by its mother. Like many leaf monkey species, these highly social primates display brightly colored fur when born that gradually fades after several months into their adult coloration. The exact reason for this adaption is uncertain, but it may help in protection: members of the group can easily distinguish their vulnerable young at a glance, or locate them quickly in the dense foliage of the rainforest canopy. Another interesting theory is that certain predators such as Clouded Leopards, are red/green colorblind, so an orangish pelt may actually be an effective camouflage. Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Masked Bowerbird (Sericulus aureus) male repairing his bower after it was destroyed by a rival bird. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Male parental care is quite rare in nature, but a variety of frogs throughout the tropics show instances where the father transports the young on his back. In most cases this involves carrying either eggs or tadpoles, but in a few New Guinean species, such as this Sphenophryne cornuta, actual froglets ride in piggyback fashion. A member of the Microhylidae, these frogs have direct-development larvae which means that the tadpoles morph into tiny frogs before leaving the egg, an adaptation enabling them to negate the need for a pool of water. The froglets will hitch a ride on the back of their father for several days before being dispersed in the rainforest understory. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea)
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A male Rough Guardian Frog (Limnonectes finchi) transports tadpoles on its back to a suitable pool of water where it will release them. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A female giant shield bug (Lyramorpha cf. maculifer) exhibiting maternal care of her young nymphs. Like other shield bugs, tessarotimids utilize chemical defenses and are capable of squirting a caustic liquid when disturbed. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Only the male Wallace's Standardwing (Semioptera wallacii) possesses the highly ornamental plumage, females being plain brown in coloration. This species is endemic to Halmahera and a few offshore islands and is one of the westernmost birds of paradise (family Paradisaeidae). Halmahera, Indonesia.
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  • An adult Common Butterfly Lizard (Leiolepis belliana) keeps a watchful eye out for predators whilst her young remain at the entrance of the nest burrow.  Nine species of butterfly lizards are known from the drier sandy regions of Southeast Asia, but their life-history is poorly documented. Uthai Thani, Thailand.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Young Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) will transition from riding on the belly to the back of their mother after 4-6 weeks of age. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Smooth Guardian Frog (Limnonectes palavanensis), male transporting tadpoles on back. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • In the understory of the Amazonian rainforest, a small piece of dead vegetation hanging beneath a leaf is revealed to be a camouflaged mantis (Metilla coloradensis) guarding her egg case (ootheca). Parental care like this in insects is a rare thing: it occurs in only about 1% of all species because as it is possible only for those which produce a smaller number of offspring. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • With his crop full of food and water, a male Plain-pouched Hornbill (Rhyticeros subruficollis) returns to his nest in the cavity of a tree wherein the female waits sealed inside. During the nesting period, which can last several months, his mate will be completely dependent on his regular visits to provide her with everything she needs while she incubates the young and raises the chicks. Unfortunately, his duties on this day have been complicated by the annoying attentions of a Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus) which has perhaps also been nesting nearby. Although much smaller than the hornbill, drongos are known for their bold and aggressive behavior, especially towards other birds that could be potential predators of their nests. Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.
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  • A male Whitehead's Broadbill (Calyptomena whiteheadi) returns to its nest where it passes food to the hungry chick. Both male and female care for the nestlings, providing insects and fruit, as well as removing fecal pellets. This scarcely-seen species is the largest of all the green broadbills (reaching 27cm in length) and is endemic to the montane forests of Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • A nesting Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus) in the dense mangrove forest of Colombia’s Utría National Park. Rather than construct a nest, the bird deposits its single egg in a small depression along a branch. Active only by night, potoos sit motionless during the day, using their incredible camouflage to remain hidden. Choco, Colombia.
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  • Hieroglyph Fairy Lynx Spider (Hamadruas hierglyphica), female guarding newly hatched spiderlings on a suspended leaf. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-throated Lichen Spider (Pandercetes nigrogularis), female guarding egg sac on suspended dead leaf. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A female katydid (Diophanes salvifolius) deposits her eggs inside the soft rotting wood of a tree stump to hide them from predators. Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Ghost Glass Frog (Sachatamia ilex) with freshly laid eggs. Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • A male harvestman (Quindina limbata) within a nest he has constructed on the side of a fallen log. He will remain in this nest for several months to mate with visiting females and guard the eggs which have been buried within the mud floor. Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • The Magnificent Bird of Paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) is restricted to New Guinea, where it occurs throughout the island in suitable hill forest. Male birds clear a personal display site near the forest floor where they put on an impressive display of their vibrant plumage for visiting females. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Magnificent Bird of Paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) is restricted to New Guinea, where it occurs throughout the island in suitable hill forest. Male birds clear a personal display site near the forest floor where they put on an impressive display of their vibrant plumage for visiting females. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Near the summit of Gunung Murud (Sarawak's highest mountain), an newly described species of tiny bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) hides within the fluid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis), apparently unaffected by the plant's digestive juices therein. Phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) provide living quarters and breeding grounds for many unique creatures which are completely dependent on them. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This pond amid lowland forest is a prime breeding habitat for many species of amphibians. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A tiny undescribed species of dwarf toad (Pelophryne sp.) perches on the lid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes villosa) high in the mossy forests of Mount Tambuyukon in northern Borneo. It is suspected that these toads and other amphibians utilize the water-filled pitchers in which to breed, but the remoteness of these locations makes this behavior difficult to study, and their exact relationship remains unconfirmed. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With its rough skin texture and mottled green coloration, it’s easy to see how the Mossy Rain Frog (Pristimantis museosus) is well equipped to blend in with the damp forests in which it dwells. This frog is endemic to the mountains of central Panama, a region which has seen drastic declines in many amphibians over the past few decades due to the introduction of the virulent chytrid fungus. Like other species of Pristimantis, the females of P. museosus lay large eggs that do not require water – the tadpoles transform into froglets entirely within the egg itself. This adaptation may have provided this species with some protection against chytrid, since the fungus most easily transfers among those species which breed in bodies of water. Nevertheless, this frog remains highly threatened and has disappeared from multiple sites across its range. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • A miniature narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla cf. borneensis) seeks the moist shelter within a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata) resting on the Borneo rainforest floor. Normally a deadly pitfall trap, this plant's pitcher has been chewed open on the side by a small mammal, probably in an attempt to feed on the trapped insects (or fluids) inside. Several species of Nepenthes such as this are used as tadpole nurseries for certain frogs, some of which will breed nowhere else. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The smallest frog in Borneo at scarcely over 1 cm in length, a male Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), perches on the lip of a pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) where he will entice a female to lay her eggs. These tiny frogs are so far known to breed only in the water-filled chambers of certain pitcher plants, and their small size may be an adaptation for this lifestyle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the lowland Chocó rainforests of northwestern Ecuador and southwestern Colombia, the Little Devil Poison Frog (Oophaga sylvatica) is another species whose continued existence is dependent on the preservation of these dwindling habitats. Although it can occasionally be found in secondary forests and agricultural plantations, it can only survive where nearby intact rainforest provides the epiphytic water-filled bromeliads it needs to breed. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • File-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates otilophus). One of the largest tree frogs in Borneo, this species is named for the sharp ridge behind its eye, the function of which is unknown. It breeds in stagnant pools in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Gading Flying Frog (Leptomantis gadingensis), described as recently as 2005, is a small species known from only a few localities in western Borneo.  It breeds in lowland streams. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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