Chien C. Lee

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  • Nepenthes villosa, a high-altitude carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu and Mount Tamboyukon. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes villosa, a high-altitude carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu and Mount Tamboyukon. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Heliamphora sarracenioides, a carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to a single tepui mountain in Venezuela. Bright colors and the offer of nectar attract insect prey. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Heliamphora pulchella, a carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to several tepui mountains in Venezuela. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Nepenthes rajah. With perhaps the worlds largest pitchers, this carnivorous plant has been known to consume rats in the wild. Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Heliamphora pulchella, a carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to the summits of only a few remote tepuis (tabletop mountains) in southeastern Venezuela. Insects which fall inside are prevented from escaping by the downward-pointing bristles and quickly drown. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • The poor soils of many of Borneo’s natural habitats are home to many unusual plants, the most famous of which are undoubtedly the carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes). The slippery-rimmed traps are designed to lure and consume insects and even small animals to supplement the plant’s nutrition. One of the most extraordinary is Nepenthes veitchii, seen here growing up the side of a small tree, it’s pitchers open and ready for unsuspecting visitors. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata), a limestone lithophytic carnivorous plant, here growing on a cliff 250m above the rainforest canopy. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An enormous pitcher trap (Nepenthes rafflesiana) rests on the forest floor, an open but sinister invitation for wandering insects. This carnivorous plant has been known to occasionally catch and consume mice in its voluminous pitchers which can reach over 40cm in height. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • The upper pitcher of an undescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The lower pitcher of an undescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The toilet-shaped upper pitchers of this carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes jamban) are exceedingly funnel-shaped and filled with a thick mucilaginous liquid which may aid in prey capture. It is endemic to a single mountain in North Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • A view from within the pitcher of this semi-carnivorous plant (Nepenthes ampullaria). Without a protective lid as in most other species of Nepenthes, the pitchers of N. ampullaria are exposed to rain as well as a continual fall of leaf litter from the forest canopy. In this way they are able to derive a significant portion of their nutrients from detritus. The dark objects on the inner rim are pupae of a Megaselia fly whose larvae feed on dead insects within the pitcher fluid. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Heliamphora uncinata). Canaima National Park, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes andamana), a species adapted for seasonally dry grasslands. Phang Nga, Thailand.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes nigra). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii). Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Pitcher plant natural hybrid (Heliamphora nutans x glabra). Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes eymae), upper pitchers. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata). Normally occuring only in shady peat swamp forests, this species occasionally grows in open heath-like peat bogs. It is endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes hamata). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The bizarre gourd-shaped pitchers of this pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) are an unforgettable sight in the mossy forests of northern Borneo. It is has been shown that these function to trap animal droppings which serve as fertilizer for the plant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An unusually hairy pitcher plant (Heliamphora minor var. pilosa), endemic to Auyan Tepui. Canaima National Park, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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  • Nepenthes undulatifolia, a newly described pitcher plant from the montane forests of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii). Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes pitopangii). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Upper pitchers of Nepenthes murudensis. This rare pitcher plant is endemic to the summit region of the highest mountain in Sarawak, Gunung Murud.
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  • Nepenthes eymae, a pitcher plant with highly dimorphic pitchers found on the lower and upper parts of the vine.  Shown here are the upper pitchers.  It is endemic to the higher mountains of Central Sulawesi.
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  • Nepenthes hamata, a rare species of pitcher plant found only in the cool and damp mossy forests on steep ridges in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Heliamphora huberi). Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii). Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Pitcher plant (Heliamphora purpurascens). Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes edwardsiana). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii). Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Nepenthes mapuluensis, a rare pitcher plant endemic to the limestone mountains of East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes distillatoria, a Sri Lankan endemic and the only pitcher plant species occurring on the island.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes rafflesiana), upper pitcher. Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes sibuyanensis). This large pitcher plant is endemic to the ultramafic Mount Guiting-guiting on Sibuyan Island, Philippines.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to Indonesian New Guinea, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes lamii) is known only from upper montane habitats, occasionally growing as high as 3500m where frosts occur. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Nepenthes pervillei, the only pitcher plant occurring in the Seychelles, where it grows on massive granitic rock outcrops on just two islands amid a crystal clear aquamarine sea with white sand beaches. The plants grow in such luxuriant profusion that you can smell the sweet alluring scent of their pitchers that are dripping with nectar. Long considered one of the most primitive and aberrant of all Nepenthes, N. pervillei was once placed in its own genus based on its unusual seeds and flowers.
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  • With its fearsome clawed peristome, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes hamata) is one of the most spectacular and sought-after species in the entire genus. It is endemic to the higher mountains of Sulawesi where it grows on steep mossy ridges. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes rafflesiana). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes stenophylla), upper pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Formally described in 2009, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes bokorensis) is endemic to the Kampot province of southern Cambodia where it grows on rocky montane plateaus amid scrub and short forest.
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  • Nepenthes macrophylla. This rare montane pitcher plant is endemic only to the summit of Gunung Trusmadi, Malaysia's second highest mountain. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes ephippiata, a dung-eating pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. Esat Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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  • Compact clumps of the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes campanulata grow on the vertical walls of a limestone cliff nearly a hundred meters above the canopy of the rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes papuana). Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes tenax, a newly distinguished pitcher plant endemic to northern Queensland, Australia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes veitchii), a terrestrial form of this usually epiphytic species.  Endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This pitcher plant (Nepenthes neoguineensis) is endemic to New Guinea where it can be found on lateritic soils near the coast. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A newly discovered pitcher plant (Nepenthes appendiculata) from montane mossy forest in Sarawak. This species is remarkable by the unusual glandular appendage found at the tip of the pitcher lid, which probably serves to attract insect prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This beautiful pitcher plant (Nepenthes ventricosa) is endemic to the mountains of Luzon Island. Aurora, Philippines.
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  • This unusual species of pitcher plant (Nepenthes klossii) bears a concealed opening to deceive insect prey. It is extremely rare, only growing in remote high elevaton swampy forests in New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The thin pitcher lid and complete lack of a peristome make this Sumatran pitcher plant (Nepenthes inermis) unique in the genus. It has unusually viscous pitcher fluid that may aid in trapping insects. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • Flask-shaped Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes ampullaria). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dung-eating pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii), endemic to Borneo. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes vogelii), upper pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This peculiar dwarf species of pitcher plant (Nepenthes glabrata) is found only in the mountains of Central Sulawesi.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes maxima). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • This pitcher plant (Nepenthes tomoriana) is endemic to Sulawesi where it can be found growing exclusively on ultrabasic rock substrates. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Native only to peat swamp forests in Borneo, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata) is renowned for its fanged pitchers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes jacquelineae). West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • A bird's eye view of one of the most unusual pitcher plants in Borneo: Nepenthes veitchii. Whilst most other Nepenthes utilize their looping tendrils to climb higher into vegetation, this species is unique in its 'tree-hugging' growth habit. Starting from the ground up, the thick leathery leaves wrap snugly around the side of the host tree, enabling the plant to reach high into the bright canopy. The beautiful hairy pitchers can reach over 20cm in length and with their slippery wide peristome (toothed rim) they are efficient insect traps. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Widespread in New Guinea, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes maxima) exhibits a great diversity of pitcher forms and colors. Pictured here is a variety from the Anggi Lakes region of the Arfak Mountains. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The pitchers of this species (Nepenthes ampullaria) usually grow clustered on the forest floor at the base of the plant where they serve to trap both unwary wandering insects as well as falling leaf litter. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes alba. This endemic pitcher plant grows only along the quartz ridge of the summit of Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia's highest mountain. Kelantan, Malaysia.
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  • Nepenthes rowanae, one of only a few pitcher plant species endemic to Australia. This species grows only in ever-wet swamps of the Cape York Peninsula. Queensland, Australia.
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  • Nepenthes argentii. With traps usually less than 3 cm in height this species is perhaps the smallest Nepenthes pitcher plant in the world. It is endemic to Mt. Guiting-guiting on Sibuyan Island, where it grows among stunted alpine vegetation. Romblon, Philippines.
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  • A non-climbing species, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata) grows only on the vertical faces of tall limestone cliffs in Borneo. It is so difficult to observe in habitat that it was once thought to be extinct. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes northiana). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes tentaculata). East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes flava). North Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • Nepenthes distillatoria, a Sri Lankan endemic and the only pitcher plant species occurring on the island.
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  • One of the most beautiful of all pitcher plants, Nepenthes edwardsiana produces enormous cylindrical pitchers which are strikingly colored. It is endemic to the Mount Kinabalu region in northern Borneo.
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  • ore than just a death trap: the watery chamber of this carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) in the Borneo rainforest is home to a brood of tiny tadpoles. One of the world's smallest frogs (Microhyla nepenthicola), this species will lay its eggs nowhere else, making them completely dependent on the plants. Here, the tadpoles grow in relative safety, except when they are faced with other water-dwelling predators including huge carnivorous mosquitoes. After several weeks they will mature into tiny froglets and make their escape from the pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • As pretty as a bouquet of flowers, but with a sinister intent: a clump of Sun Pitchers (Heliamphora sarracenioides) advertises its lethal traps with bright colors and the offer of sweet nectar, amid the stunted vegetation of a tepui summit. Unwary insects that venture onto the inner surface of the pitcher easily lose their foothold and tumble into the water below where they are quickly drowned and digested by the plant. With annual rainfall sometimes exceeding four meters and virtually no mineral-rich soil available, nutrients are in scarce supply on Venezuela’s tepui mountains. This has fueled the diversification of many carnivorous plant species here, chief among them being the near-endemic genus Heliamphora with over 20 species. This species (H. sarracenioides) grows on the summit of only a single isolated tabletop mountain, accessible only by helicopter. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Rather than being carnivorous, this unusual pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) derives its nutrition from the droppings of the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The animals are attracted to the plant's copious nectar secretions, and inevitably leave their scat in the pitchers which are designed like a natural toilet receptacle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flowers of a giant carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia humboldtii) emerging from swampy grassland at the base of Mount Roraima. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Closeup of the flowers of a carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia humboldtii). Canaima National Park, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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  • At nightfall, a Tepui Tree Frog (Tepuihyla obscura) emerges from the folds of a carnivorous bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) in which it has sheltered for the day. Although receiving rain almost daily, the summits of Venezuela’s tepui mountains are exposed to volatile weather patterns, with mist often giving way to brutally intense sunlight over a span of a few minutes. A lack of shade-providing trees means that there is little to protect delicate animals such as amphibians, hence these water-filled bromeliads provide an ideal refuge from the harsh climate fluctuations. The slippery wax-coated leaves, which are designed to trap insects, are no hindrance to the frogs. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • At nightfall, a Tepui Tree Frog (Tepuihyla obscura) emerges from the folds of a carnivorous bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) in which it has sheltered for the day. Although receiving rain almost daily, the summits of Venezuela’s tepui mountains are exposed to volatile weather patterns, with mist often giving way to brutally intense sunlight over a span of a few minutes. A lack of shade-providing trees means that there is little to protect delicate animals such as amphibians, hence these water-filled bromeliads provide an ideal refuge from the harsh climate fluctuations. The slippery wax-coated leaves, which are designed to trap insects, are no hindrance to the frogs. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Carnivorous sundews (Drosera arenicola), growing on the summit of Amuri Tepui. Canaima National Park, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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  • Scarlet blooms of a carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia quelchii). Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Near the summit of Gunung Murud (Sarawak's highest mountain), an newly described species of tiny bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) hides within the fluid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis), apparently unaffected by the plant's digestive juices therein. Phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) provide living quarters and breeding grounds for many unique creatures which are completely dependent on them. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A miniature narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla cf. borneensis) seeks the moist shelter within a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata) resting on the Borneo rainforest floor. Normally a deadly pitfall trap, this plant's pitcher has been chewed open on the side by a small mammal, probably in an attempt to feed on the trapped insects (or fluids) inside. Several species of Nepenthes such as this are used as tadpole nurseries for certain frogs, some of which will breed nowhere else. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A tiny undescribed species of dwarf toad (Pelophryne sp.) perches on the lid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes villosa) high in the mossy forests of Mount Tambuyukon in northern Borneo. It is suspected that these toads and other amphibians utilize the water-filled pitchers in which to breed, but the remoteness of these locations makes this behavior difficult to study, and their exact relationship remains unconfirmed. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Colobopsis schmitzi ant on peristome of Nepenthes bicalcarata pitcher. Although these carnivorous plants trap most insects, this ant has a mutualistic relationship with the plant and is able to freely walk on the slippery surface. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bladderwort (Utricularia moniliformis). This small and delicate carnivorous plant is endemic to the mountains of central Sri Lanka. It grows among clumps of moss either as an epiphyte or adjacent to rocky streams. Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • A woolly sundew (Drosera petiolaris) from the subtropical savannas of far northern Australia. Many of these carnivorous plants enter a state of dormancy in the dry season and are unable to trap insects until the rains return. Queensland, Australia.
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  • Drosera cistiflora, a summer dormant carnivorous sundew. Western Cape, South Africa.
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  • Drosera humbertii, the only carnivorous sundew endemic to Madagascar. Marojejy National Park.
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  • The delicate blooms of a carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia chrysantha). Queensland, Australia.
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  • With its rapidly mobile marginal tentacles, this small carnivorous sundew (Drosera burmannii) is able to secure a trapped insect and transport it towards the centre of its leaves where it can be digested. It occurs widely in wet sandy habitats across Southeast Asia. Kampot, Cambodia.
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  • Usually visible only by its flowers, this carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia odorata) possesses tiny underground traps which enable it to consume small invertebrates in the wet soil. Kampot, Cambodia.
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  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) in pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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