Chien C. Lee

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  • Epiphytic orchid (Vanda limbata). East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
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  • Blooming high in a moss-laden tree of Ranomafana’s montane forest, this epiphytic orchid (Aerangis fastuosa) exhales an alluring perfume at night to attract its desired pollinator: hawk moths. Madagascar has many such night-active orchids, most of which sport long tapered nectaries that can only be reached by the long tongues of their associated moths. With over a thousand species, the orchids of Madagascar are exceptionally diverse. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • An unusually-shaped epiphytic orchid (Bulbophyllum uniflorum) blooms on a mossy tree in Sumatra's montane rainforest. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • The strikingly beautiful blooms of this epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cinnabarinum var. cinnabarinum) can almost be mistaken for a hibiscus flower. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo)
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  • Dendrobium cuthbertsonii. This tiny epiphytic orchid sports flowers which are much larger than the entire plant itself. It offers no nectar and is theorized to attract pollinating birds by its mimicry of similarly-sized and colored Rhododendron flowers which occur in the same habitat in the montane forests of New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This miniature orchid (Bulbophyllum amauroloma) grows on small branches in the understory of mossy montane forest. It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi.
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  • A deceptive beauty: this tiny epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cuthbertsonii), which bears flowers that last for up to nine months and are larger than the entire plant itself, offers no nectar reward for visiting pollinators. However, it appears remarkably similar in appearance to nectar-rich Rhododendrons which have flowers the same color and size and grow nearby. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Cloud forest is a widespread biome in mountains of Central and South America, where hot humid equatorial air rises into the cool mountains.  Here the humidity and precipitation are so high that the trees frequently become covered with epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Dendrobium bracteosum, an epiphytic orchid blooms in submontane forest in eastern Halmahera. North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • With some of the largest leaves of all orchids, this bizarre species (Bulbophyllum beccarii) spirals its way up a tree trunk in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The leaves are designed to trap falling leaf litter which serves as a supply of nutrients for this entirely epiphytic plant. The blooms smell of rotting fish which attract swarms of flies as pollinators. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Platycerium madagascaeriense, one of the most bizarre endemic plants of Madagascar. Like other staghorn ferns, this species is strictly an epiphyte, growing among the canopy branches of tall trees. It is becoming increasingly rare and difficult to find in the wild because of widespread deforestation in the wet submontane forests of the east coast. The unusual ruffled texture of the shield fronds is probably an adaptation to allow passageways for ants to live underneath – a relationship that is mutually beneficial for both plant and insect. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • This large and showy orchid (Dendrobium sanderae) grows epiphytically on trees in the mountains of Luzon Island. Aurora, Philippines.
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  • Bladderwort (Utricularia moniliformis). This small and delicate carnivorous plant is endemic to the mountains of central Sri Lanka. It grows among clumps of moss either as an epiphyte or adjacent to rocky streams. Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Dimorphorchis lowii. The genus Dimorphorchis contains 5 species, all of which are endemic to Borneo. They are unique in having two different types of flowers on the same inflorescence, each targeting a different species of pollinator. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rhododendron caespitosum, the world's smallest species of Rhododendron, growing on the trunks of tree ferns (Cyathea tomtosissima). Lake Habbema, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Orchid (Bulbophyllum sp.). Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Orchid (Epidendrum polyanthum). Cordillera de Talamanca, Panama.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Unlike most staghorn ferns which hold their shield fronds in an open basket-like shape to collect falling leaf litter, this unusual species (Platycerium ridleyi) clasps its leaves entirely around the host tree branch. The secret lies within: it plays host to a colony of ants which live underneath the sheltering enclosure of the fronds. As with other myrmecophytes (ant-plants), this fern gains its nutrients from the detritus that the ants leave behind, and it is frequently found growing in groups in the same tree (in addition to other species of ant ferns) that are inhabited by the same extensive ant colony. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium dekockii). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Orchid (Aerangis articulata). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • This miniature orchid (Bulbophyllum vanroyenii) grows on the trunks of tree ferns high in the alpine habitats of New Guinea's mountains.
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  • The bizarre gourd-shaped pitchers of this pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) are an unforgettable sight in the mossy forests of northern Borneo. It is has been shown that these function to trap animal droppings which serve as fertilizer for the plant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Orchid (Bulbophyllum canisopterum). East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Large blooms of the orchid Bulbophyllum dearei, photographed in its natural habitat in the montane forests of Sayap, northern Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo.
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  • Orchid (Robiquetia brevifolia). Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Orchid (Dendrobium vexillarius). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Angola Staghorn Fern (Platycerium elephantotis). Kibale National Park, Kabarole, Uganda.
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  • This epiphytic orchid (Chelonistele sulphurea) occurs in montane forests from Sumatra, through Malaysia and Borneo to the Philippines. The flowers are small and fragrant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The trees in montane mossy forest are typically laden with epiphytic plants, such as on this mountain summit in Lore Lindu National Park. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The genus Lecanopteris contains over a dozen species of epiphytic ferns, all of which are associated with ants (myrmecophytic). This species, L. mirabilis, which occurs in the Moluccas and New Guinea, has curious slug-like rhizomes which provide a sheltered space beneath for ants to live. The plant benefits from the presence of the ants because they deter herbivores and leave behind organic detritus. Halmahera, Indonesia.
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  • This unidentified caterpillar which feeds on epiphytic moss, is camouflaged to look like its preferred substrate. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes veitchii), a terrestrial form of this usually epiphytic species.  Endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mossy cloud forest occurs at higher elevations on nearly all of Borneo's mountains. These habitats are characterized by high rainfall, frequent fog, cooler temperatures, and small trees which are covered with moss and a myriad of epiphytic plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the lowland Chocó rainforests of northwestern Ecuador and southwestern Colombia, the Little Devil Poison Frog (Oophaga sylvatica) is another species whose continued existence is dependent on the preservation of these dwindling habitats. Although it can occasionally be found in secondary forests and agricultural plantations, it can only survive where nearby intact rainforest provides the epiphytic water-filled bromeliads it needs to breed. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • A master of camouflage, this rare stick insect (Trychopeplus laciniatus) is perfectly suited for its arboreal lifestyle in the mossy forests of Central America. It feeds exclusively on the foliage of several epiphytic orchid species. Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Rhododendron zoelleri. Widespread in New Guinea, this large and showy rhododendron grows high in the mountains in clearings, on rocky cliffs, or occasionally as an epiphyte. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Few habitat transitions are as abrupt as that of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas: when approached from the inland side, one rises quickly through a parched savannah of deciduous trees and cacti into a rich evergreen forest. Finally, at the crest of the mountains where the cool moist air from the Pacific rises up the windward slopes, the forest is suddenly drenched in dense cloud; here, the tree branches are heavily laden with mosses, orchids, and other delicate epiphytes. This enchanting habitat is home to the Horned Guan, Resplendent Quetzal, and many other remarkable creatures that are dependent on the cool moist forests. El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • Dendrobium vogelsangii. Endemic to Sulawesi, this beautiful orchid grows both epiphytically and on open grassy ridges in the mountains of the central part of the island. It was described in 2000.
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