Chien C. Lee

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  • View of canopy of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest during a mass flowering event. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An aerial perspective of northern Borneo's lowland rainforest reveals the heterogeneity and incredible diversity of trees that comprise this ecosystem. Various flushes of reds, oranges, and yellows among the canopy as seen here are the first indications of a periodic mass flowering event during which as many as 80% of the trees may bloom simultaneously before setting fruit. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Morning sun illuminates emergent baobab trees (Adansonia rubrostipa) in Madagascar's dry deciduous forest, one of the island's most endangered habitats. Despite receiving no rain for up to nine months each year, these forests are home to an astonishing diversity of wildlife, including Madam Berthe's Mouse Lemur, the world's smallest primate. Sadly, due to logging and land clearing, these forests have been reduced to less than 3% of their original extent, and now remain in only a few reserves along the western coast. Kirindy Reserve, Madagascar.
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  • Mixed Deciduous Forest during the beginning of the rainy season in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary.
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  • Forest cleared by tree felling and burning. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The trees in montane mossy forest are typically laden with epiphytic plants, such as on this mountain summit in Lore Lindu National Park. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • A tannin-colored stream meanders through freshwater swamp forest in Sarawak. Trees with stilt roots, pneumatophores, and buttresses, are more abundant in this waterlogged habitat, which is frequently flooded by rains. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Hikida's Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus hikidanus). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Modest Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus modestus). Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A female Bornean Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) with her young infant. Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the canopy of the Borneo rainforest is bathed in the heat of the equatorial sun, as little as 5 percent of sunlight reaches the forest floor. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • In the dense tropical rainforests of Borneo, plants struggle to compete for their share of the sunlight. As little as 2% of sunlight reaches the forest floor. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Aerial view of primary forest during a mass flowering event. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dense mist often cloaks Borneo's rainforest at dawn, this being the water vapor rising from the transpiration of the forest itself. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus), juvenile. Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lesser Green Leafbird (Chloropsis cyanopogon), male. Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus), eating fruits on a hanging vine (Adenia macrophylla). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With over 700 described species, the ant diversity of Borneo is extraordinarily rich. Although many ants defend themselves with toxic compounds or painful stings, some such as this species (Meranoplus mucronatus) are protected by sharp spines to deter predators. This group of workers is attending to a herd of extremely small planthopper nymphs, from which they take secreted honeydew. Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A twisted liana winds its way into the canopy among the virgin rainforest of Tawau Hills National Park in northern Borneo. Home to some of the tallest tropical trees in the world, the forests in these hills is inhabited by a rich diversity of wildlife. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An aerial view reveals the thick mist rising from the canopy after heavy rains on virgin rainforest in northern Borneo. These forests often receive over 4000ml of rain annually. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Lowland rainforest in Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • Lowland rainforest in Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • Sunrise and mist over virgin rainforest in northern Borneo. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • A wide swath of virgin rainforest cloaks the foothills of the Kobowre Mountains in western Papua. Indonesian New Guinea hosts some of the largest remaining tracts of primary tropical rainforest in the world.
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  • Bornean Angle-headed Lizard (Gonocephalus bornensis), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An aerial view of virgin rainforest. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A recently-germinated Dipterocarp tree seedling (Shorea sp.) reaches for the sunlight on the Bornean rainforest floor.
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  • Lowland rainforest in Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • Sunrise and mist over virgin rainforest in northern Borneo. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Dipterocarp trees (Shorea gardneri and S. trapezifolia) exhibiting crown shyness. Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Whistling Lizard (Calotes liolepis). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • This lowland rainforest in New Guinea is dominated by large Licuala fan palms. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Northern Leaf-tailed Gecko (Saltuarius cornutus). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Northern Leaf-tailed Gecko (Saltuarius cornutus). Queensland, Australia.
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  • A lone emergent Tapang (Koompassia excelsa) tree towers above the mist-shrouded canopy of the Borneo rainforest to catch the morning sun. This is one of the tallest tropical tree species with recorded heights of over 85 meters. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Crown shyness exhibited between the tight canopy of submontane rainforest. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), infant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sap-feeding bugs such as this lanternfly (Pyrops whiteheadi) ingest large quantities of the nutrient-poor fluid, excreting the excess in the form of honeydew. Here a gecko (Gehyra mutilata) waits below the insect for an opportunistic meal of the sweet fluid. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus), juvenile. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Almost looking like it belongs more on a coral reef than in a rainforest, this moth caterpillar (Idonauton cf. apicalis) uses bright aposematic patterns to warn potential predators of its stinging bristles. Caterpillars of this family (Limacodidae) are often called ‘slug moths’ because they lack prolegs and instead move over the surface of a leaf in an oozing-fashion using suckers. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunda Leopard Cat (Prionailurus javanensis). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus). Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Almost looking like it belongs more on a coral reef than in a rainforest, this moth caterpillar (Idonauton cf. apicalis) uses bright aposematic patterns to warn potential predators of its stinging bristles. Caterpillars of this family (Limacodidae) are often called ‘slug moths’ because they lack prolegs and instead move over the surface of a leaf in an oozing-fashion using suckers. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Red-crowned Barbet (Psilopogon rafflesii), a frugivorous bird from the rainforests of Southeast Asia. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few habitat transitions are as abrupt as that of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas: when approached from the inland side, one rises quickly through a parched savannah of deciduous trees and cacti into a rich evergreen forest. Finally, at the crest of the mountains where the cool moist air from the Pacific rises up the windward slopes, the forest is suddenly drenched in dense cloud; here, the tree branches are heavily laden with mosses, orchids, and other delicate epiphytes. This enchanting habitat is home to the Horned Guan, Resplendent Quetzal, and many other remarkable creatures that are dependent on the cool moist forests. El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • Like other small animals of the forest understory, this Borneo Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis) must juggle his attention between searching for prey (insects and spiders) while keeping a watchful eye out for larger predators. Although this species is unable to glide like the closely-related Dracos, it is nevertheless an agile climber and can move swiftly up and down trees. The impressive mane on the back of this male signifies his maturity - we will readily defend his territory against rival males. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A giant Asian Forest Scorpion (Heterometrus longimanus) from the lowland forest of Mulu National Park in northwestern Borneo.
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  • Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cloud forest. Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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  • Few things exemplify the incredible complexity of rainforest ecosystems more than that of mutualisms between species. Here, a group of Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) tend to a pair of lanternflies (Pyrops cultellatus), a relationship that has a net benefit for both species. The lanternflies, feeding directly from the phloem of the tree with their piercing straw-like mouthparts, harvest much more sugar-rich fluid than they actually need; the excess being excreted intermittently as a squirt of honeydew droplets from their abdomen. The ants position themselves directly behind and below the lanternflies and intercept these droplets with their heads, then consume the fluid and share it with their nestmates. In return, the ants guard the lanternflies and will ferociously attack any potential threat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Two Giant Forest Ants (Dinomyrmex gigas) from different colonies confront each other in a territorial dispute.  Rather than engage in full combat, this species usually resolves such conflict in a series of ritualistc fights. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis) is a large arboreal agamid lizard endemic to the rainforests of Borneo. It feeds on ants and spiders. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Forest damselfly (Vestalis sp.). East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • A Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas) receives a droplet of sweet honeydew from the abdomen of a juvenile leaf-footed bug (Notobitus sp.). The bugs, which obtain more sugar than they need from the plant juices they feed on, are fiercely guarded by the ants in return. Mutually beneficial trophobiotic relationships such as this are very advantageous in the competitive ecosystem of the rainforest. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This pond amid lowland forest is a prime breeding habitat for many species of amphibians. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Asian Forest Scorpion (Heterometrus longimanus). Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Eastern Red Forest Rat (Nesomys rufus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Forest Water Snake (Thamnosophis infrasignatus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Stone forest at dawn: the first light of day brushes the limestone pinnacles of Madagascar’s Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park. Spanning 600-square miles, this vast and impenetrable labyrinth of knife-edged towers and slot canyons is an invaluable wilderness reserve; 90% of all species occurring here are found nowhere else on Earth.
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  • Mossy cloud forest occurs at higher elevations on nearly all of Borneo's mountains. These habitats are characterized by high rainfall, frequent fog, cooler temperatures, and small trees which are covered with moss and a myriad of epiphytic plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cloud Forest Stream Frog (Ptychohyla euthysanota). El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • A Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon) has been killed by a parasitic Ophiocordyceps fungus which has consumed its body. Before dying, the behaviour of infected ants is controlled by the fungus, and are directed to climb to a suitable location usually on the underside of a leaf. There the fungus kills its host and produces fruiting bodies which releases spores to infect more ants below. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Forest stream in Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Cloud forest is a widespread biome in mountains of Central and South America, where hot humid equatorial air rises into the cool mountains.  Here the humidity and precipitation are so high that the trees frequently become covered with epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Tug of war: a Giant Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda sp.) struggles to keep a hold on her precious egg sac as a hungry Banded Forest Gecko (Cyrtodactylus consobrinus) attempts to steal it away. With sometimes over 200 eggs within the papery sac, the female spider guards her eggs ferociously, carrying the bundle in her jaws for several weeks until they hatch. Fortunately for the gecko, this spider seems more concerned with maintaining her grip with her mandibles rather than risking a quick release to bite the offending gecko. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • At nearly 3000m elevation, this cold and wet montane cloud forest is completely draped with thick mosses. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Borneo Forest Dragon (Gonocephalus bornensis). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Magnificent Bird of Paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) is restricted to New Guinea, where it occurs throughout the island in suitable hill forest. Male birds clear a personal display site near the forest floor where they put on an impressive display of their vibrant plumage for visiting females. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Magnificent Bird of Paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) is restricted to New Guinea, where it occurs throughout the island in suitable hill forest. Male birds clear a personal display site near the forest floor where they put on an impressive display of their vibrant plumage for visiting females. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Forest on limestone hill. Ha Giang, Vietnam.
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  • Spanning nearly 7 million square kilometers, it is difficult to conceptualize just how vast the Amazon rainforest is. Here, the Tiputini River winds its way through a tiny corner of the Amazon Basin in eastern Ecuador, eventually emptying its waters into Peru, Brazil, and then the Atlantic Ocean nearly 3 thousand kilometers away. Having lost nearly 20% of its forest cover in recent decades, the Basin is still under siege today from threats such as mining, oil drilling, and clearing for farming. Despite these losses, much still remains intact and just as imperative as ever to continue protective efforts for these invaluable forests. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Morning sunlight touches the forested crest of the continental divide in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, southern Mexico. Spanning nearly 120,000 hectares in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, this reserve protects vital ecosystems in one of the most biodiverse parts of the country; it is one of the few places in Mexico where rare species such as the Resplendent Quetzal, Horned Guan, and Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey can be found. Although protected since 1990, the area nevertheless continues to be threatened by uncontrolled fires, road development, and landslides which are caused by forest clearance.
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  • Spanning nearly 7 million square kilometers, it is difficult to conceptualize just how vast the Amazon rainforest is. Here, the Tiputini River winds its way through a tiny corner of the Amazon Basin in eastern Ecuador, eventually emptying its waters into Peru, Brazil, and then the Atlantic Ocean nearly 3 thousand kilometers away. Having lost nearly 20% of its forest cover in recent decades, the Basin is still under siege today from threats such as mining, oil drilling, and clearing for farming. Despite these losses, much still remains intact and just as imperative as ever to continue protective efforts for these invaluable forests. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Spanning nearly 7 million square kilometers, it is difficult to conceptualize just how vast the Amazon rainforest is. Here, the Tiputini River winds its way through a tiny corner of the Amazon Basin in eastern Ecuador, eventually emptying its waters into Peru, Brazil, and then the Atlantic Ocean nearly 3 thousand kilometers away. Having lost nearly 20% of its forest cover in recent decades, the Basin is still under siege today from threats such as mining, oil drilling, and clearing for farming. Despite these losses, much still remains intact and just as imperative as ever to continue protective efforts for these invaluable forests. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Threatened with encroaching cultivation and forest loss, a Southern Purple-Faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus) enters a tea plantation to feed on the fresh young leaves. These endangered monkeys are endemic to Sri Lanka’s southern wet forests, and although once widespread, are now facing severe habitat fragmentation due to roads and settlements. This can lead to human conflicts where the monkeys are inevitably forced to exploit agricultural areas for food. Sinharaja National Park. Sri Lanka.
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  • Mossy-forest Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus dringi). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although shy, the Bearded Pig (Sus barbatus) is abundant in the forests of Borneo, and its presence is usually indicated by diggings and wallows left as they forage for food on the forest floor. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • At only 13cm long and weighing less than 20g, the tiny and unobtrusive Madagascan Pygmy Kingfisher (Corythornis madagascariensis) is easily overlooked. These forest kingfishers hunt insects, small geckos, and frogs, which they watch patiently for while perched quietly on an understory branch. They are endemic to the forested regions of Madagascar. Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar.
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  • The Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogon) roosts in caves and large rock crevices, emerging at night to feed on insects high above the forest canopy. It is found throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It's echolocation calls while flying are audible as high pitched clicks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A crystal-clear stream flows through the forest at Khao Nor Chuchi Wildlife Sanctuary.  These spring-fed waters which emerge from limestone rock are highly alkaline and contain high amounts of dissolved calcium carbonate. Krabi, Thailand.
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  • This Collared Nightjar (Gactornis enarratus), a Madagascar endemic, hides itself among the leaf litter of the forest floor while it sleeps. Placed in its own genus, this species is distinct from all other nightjars (family Caprimulgidae) by its plumage, eggs, and behavior. Mantadia National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Ant-hunting spider (Mallinella sp.) predating a Giant Forest Ant (Dinomyrmex gigas ssp. borneensis), which it also mimics. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With over 700 described species, the ant diversity of Borneo is extraordinarily rich. Although many ants defend themselves with toxic compounds or painful stings, some such as this species (Meranoplus mucronatus) are protected by sharp spines to deter predators. This group of workers is attending to a herd of extremely small planthopper nymphs, from which they take secreted honeydew. Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An enormous pitcher trap (Nepenthes rafflesiana) rests on the forest floor, an open but sinister invitation for wandering insects. This carnivorous plant has been known to occasionally catch and consume mice in its voluminous pitchers which can reach over 40cm in height. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Stained with the acidic tannins of heath forest, a dark colored stream drains from the ever-wet mountains above the Bada Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Nearly a thousand kilometers from the nearest landmass, the islands of the Seychelles are distantly isolated at the western end of the Indian Ocean. Much of these granitic islands were once cloaked in dense rainforest, harboring a unique array of flora and fauna found nowhere else. Here, a grove of the Seychelles Stilt Palm (Verschaffeltia splendida) dominates the lower forest canopy with its enormous undivided leaves. Like many of the endemic plants it is under threat from both invasive species and habitat loss.
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  • The fruits of this tenacious jungle vine (Alsomitra macrocarpa) hang from the branches of an emergent tree above the rainforest canopy.  The seeds which are released through a hole at the bottom of the fruit are equipped with a huge transparent wing which enables them to glide hundreds of yards before reaching the ground.  A classic example of mechanical dispersal in the forest. East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • This female Madagascar Pygmy Kingfisher (Corythornis madagascariensis) has just been gifted a small lizard (Madascincus melanopleura) by her mate as part of a courtship ritual. Despite their name, these birds are not dependent on water, and typically hunt for insects and small vertebrates on the forest floor. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Formally described in 2009, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes bokorensis) is endemic to the Kampot province of southern Cambodia where it grows on rocky montane plateaus amid scrub and short forest.
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  • Southeast Asian Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Research has revealed that the marginal eyespots in butterflies can serve to deflect bird attacks away from the insect's vital spots, thereby allowing escape. This effect is particularly effective in the low light intensities of the dim forest understory and at dawn or dusk when the resting butterflies are particularly prone to predation by birds. This individual (Faunis stomphax) shows evidence of having escaped two attacks by birds which attempted to grab the butterfly by the wing eyespots. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) rests while hanging from a twig of an understory forest tree in Danum Valley. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Red-bearded Bee-eater (Nyctyornis amictus) living up to its name: here with a large black carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.) it has caught in mid-air. While most bee-eaters prefer open woodlands and forest edges, this species is unusual in that it is typically found deep within rainforest. Flashy colors in birds are often possessed only by the males and typically function as a means of advertising for a mate. However, in this species both males and females sport a bright red face, which suggests that the coloration may serve a different purpose. One theory is that this may serve to attract flower-feeding insects to venture closer for a look - a convenient way for the bird to catch an easy meal. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Small-toothed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur microdon) peers curiously from its tree hole in the montane forest of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Usually emerging only at night, sportive lemurs frequently wake to keep a watchful eye out for intruders into their territory. Not long ago only 8 species of Lepilemur were known from Madagascar, but recent molecular work has resulted in at least 26 distinct species now being recognized, with more sure to follow.
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  • Lowland Streaked Tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus). Like a miniature porcupine, these indomitable tiny mammals protect themselves from predators by an armament of barbed spines. They feed on insects and other invertebrates which they find in the leaf litter of the forest floor using their long sensitive snout. All species of tenrec are endemic to Madagascar. Mantadia National Park, Madagascar.
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