Chien C. Lee

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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
    cld1600827.jpg
  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715490.jpg
  • Ryabov's Bug-eyed Frog (Theloderma ryabovi), female. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
    cld2000093.jpg
  • Although widespread in and eastern Australia, White’s Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea) is uncommon in New Guinea, being found only in the savannahs and subtropics of the extreme southern coast. This large frog, sometimes affectionately referred to as the Dumpy Tree Frog, has become popular in the pet trade due to its docile behavior. This “tameness” is likely due to the frog’s natural defenses: it can secrete a toxic compound from its skin when disturbed. While not dangerous to humans, this substance has been proven fatal to some insects and may be effective at protecting the frog from biting flies as well as larger predators. Wasur National Park, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1715485.jpg
  • South-Vietnamese Bug-Eyed Frog (Theloderma vietnamense). Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
    cld2000074.jpg
  • Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), in amplexus.  This is the smallest frog in the Old World and it rears its young exclusively in the fluid of pitcher plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10081704.jpg
  • Belalong Tree Frog (Leptomantis belalongensis), male. Only recently described, this tiny arboreal frog is endemic to just a few river basins in northwestern Borneo. Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
    cld1708053.jpg
  • Larut Bush Frog (Philautus larutensis), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006135.jpg
  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all Borneo's frogs: the Borneo Flying Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis). These gliding amphibians spend most of their life in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to ground level. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1724123.jpg
  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704420.jpg
  • Variable Cross Frog (Oreophryne variabilis). Widespread in Sulawesi, the loud calls of this tiny bush frog are a common sound in cool and wet mossy montane forests. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
    cld1600781.jpg
  • Penan Flying Frog (Leptomantis penanorum), a very rare species known from only a few specimens. This is the first photograph of a female ever recorded for this species. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2007620.jpg
  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1928848.jpg
  • Borneo Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), female, with Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola) - comparison between one of the largest and smallest frogs in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1800380.jpg
  • Sun Glass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium aueroguttatum), male hiding on the underside of a leaf. The pattern on the back of this species mimics a cluster of the frog's eggs, which help to deter attacks by predatory wasps. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
    cld1811675.jpg
  • Ryabov's Bug-eyed Frog (Theloderma ryabovi), female. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
    cld2000107.jpg
  • The Warted Frog is a rare species in Borneo, known from only a handful of sightings in the northwest. It is presumably a tree-hole breeder as in other Theloderma. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1907291.jpg
  • Perhaps one of the most beautiful of all Borneo's frogs: the Borneo Flying Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis). These gliding amphibians spend most of their life in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to ground level. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1724109.jpg
  • Jade Tree Frog (Zhangixalus dulitensis). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
    cld1706000.jpg
  • Distinguished by its green/yellow eyes, Hose's Bush Frog (Philautus hosii) is endemic to Borneo and considered Near Threatened due to severe habitat loss. Adults are usually found perched on vegetation over streams in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704736.jpg
  • Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus). Found throughout the lowland rainforests of Borneo, the loud honking call of this frog is commonly heard before the onset of heavy thunderstorms. When disturbed it remains completely motionless, relying on its excellent camouflage to escape detection from potential predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704491.jpg
  • Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704441.jpg
  • A male Bornean Tree-hole Frog (Metaphrynella sundana) calls for a mate from its lair.  These frogs are able to modify the pitch of their call to match the resonating frequency of the tree-hole chamber, thereby amplifying their volume. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld08090191.jpg
  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) is one of the largest of all tree frogs in Borneo. It is capable of gliding down from the forest canopy by using its enlarged webbed feet as parachutes. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1404324.jpg
  • Sticky frog (Kalophrynus meizon). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1925141.jpg
  • Bornean Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), first photographic record for this species in Sarawak. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006917.jpg
  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), pair in amplexus. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1908995.jpg
  • Cinnamon Tree Frog (Nyctixalus pictus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1705074.jpg
  • Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus). Found throughout the lowland rainforests of Borneo, the loud honking call of this frog is commonly heard before the onset of heavy thunderstorms. When disturbed it remains completely motionless, relying on its excellent camouflage to escape detection from potential predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704562.jpg
  • The rare Montane Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus kobayashii) is endemic to mountain rainforests of Sabah in northern Borneo. Like other members of the genus, this large terrestrial frog relies on its superb camouflage to evade detection from predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1303455.jpg
  • Peacock Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus kio). Yunnan, China.
    cld1704207.jpg
  • Wallace’s Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) is one of the largest of all tree frogs in Borneo. It is capable of gliding down from the forest canopy by using its enlarged webbed feet as parachutes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1702577.jpg
  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1311575.jpg
  • The smallest frog in Borneo at scarcely over 1 cm in length, a male Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), perches on the lip of a pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) where he will entice a female to lay her eggs. These tiny frogs are so far known to breed only in the water-filled chambers of certain pitcher plants, and their small size may be an adaptation for this lifestyle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10081720.jpg
  • Coronated Tree Frog (Triprion spinosus). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld09051067.jpg
  • File-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates otilophus). Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1907695.jpg
  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1928835.jpg
  • Dring's Bush Frog (Philautus juliandringi), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006978.jpg
  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1802598.jpg
  • The rare Montane Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus kobayashii) is endemic to mountain rainforests of Sabah in northern Borneo. Like other members of the genus, this large terrestrial frog relies on its superb camouflage to evade detection from predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1802569.jpg
  • Red-legged Frog (Leptomantis rufipes). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1701422.jpg
  • File-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates otilophus). One of the largest tree frogs in Borneo, this species is named for the sharp ridge behind its eye, the function of which is unknown. It breeds in stagnant pools in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704447.jpg
  • Dark-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates macrotis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1604189.jpg
  • Unlike the rest of the Philippines, Palawan has a close biogeographic affinity with Borneo, which is separated by a shallow sea channel.  This is exemplified by many closely-related species of plants and animals, including Everett's Tree Frog (Philautus everetti), an inhabitant of hill and montane forests.
    cld10041565.jpg
  • Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1603489.jpg
  • Tree frog (Leptomantis cf. penanorum). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1106650.jpg
  • Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10010498.jpg
  • Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis).  A female making a foam nest on a small tree overhanging a breeding pond.  After depsiting her eggs they will be fertilized by the two accompanying smaller males. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10091411.jpg
  • The Gading Flying Frog (Leptomantis gadingensis), described as recently as 2005, is a small species known from only a few localities in western Borneo.  It breeds in lowland streams. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10091216.jpg
  • Variable Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus heterochirus). Like other species in the genus, this frog secretes a sticky substance when disturbed. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld08090229.jpg
  • Bornean Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus borneensis), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1311618.jpg
  • The enlarged webbed feet of the Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) enable it to maneuver in mid-air and slow its descent from a higher perch towards a safe landing. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10040315.jpg
  • Hidden in the dense leaf litter of the rainforest floor, an Amazonian Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) lies in wait for its next meal. With a mouth wider than the length of its body, and a voracious appetite to boot, these frogs can consume prey as large as small reptiles and rodents. This species is widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, but nowhere particularly abundant. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
    cld1807781.jpg
  • Bush frog (Pseudophilautus sp.). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
    cld1827771.jpg
  • Boulenger's Digging Frog (Plethodontohyla inguinalis). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
    cld1835577.jpg
  • Near the summit of Gunung Murud (Sarawak's highest mountain), an newly described species of tiny bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) hides within the fluid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis), apparently unaffected by the plant's digestive juices therein. Phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) provide living quarters and breeding grounds for many unique creatures which are completely dependent on them. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1708753.jpg
  • The dainty White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) is endemic to the rainforests of Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
    cld1704661.jpg
  • Commonly found perched on branches along rocky clear streams, the Poisonous Rock Frog (Odorrana hosii) is named for its highly toxic skin secretions which make it not only inedible to predators but also fatal to any other frog with which it comes into skin contact with. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1301165.jpg
  • A bush frog (Philautus amoenus) emerges from it's watery shelter in the pitcher of Nepenthes × harryana. Mount Kinabalu. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld09051341.jpg
  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) in pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld09051047.jpg
  • Dull-green Shrub Frog (Pseudophilautus viridis). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
    cld1103760.jpg
  • Mossy-forest Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus dringi). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006045.jpg
  • Lanjak Bush Frog (Philautus refugii). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1925461.jpg
  • With half a dozen species, Borneo is famous for its horned frogs. These are denizens of the rainforest floor and as such are expertly camouflaged for hiding among leaf litter. Most species rely so much on crypsis to avoid detection they have neglected other adaptations to escape predators, such as having weak legs for jumping. This is the rarest of the Bornean species: the Mulu Horned Frog (Megophrys dringi) which has only been known from a handful of sightings. This paucity of records is undoubtedly due to the remote locality where it occurs: high-elevation moss forests adjacent to clear mountain streams. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006095.jpg
  • Bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) in pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis). Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1708784.jpg
  • Golden-legged Bush Frog (Philautus aurantium), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1800838.jpg
  • Spiny narrow-mouth frog (Scaphiophryne spinosa). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
    cld1722358.jpg
  • One of Borneo’s most elusive and enigmatic amphibians: the Bornean Lungless Frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis). Looking like the prize-winning stone from a rock-skipping competition, albeit with four webbed feet, this frog’s bizarre appearance is an adaptation for its aquatic life in fast-flowing rocky streams. Despite numerous expeditions to the region, less than twenty specimens have ever been found by biologists, making it one of the least known of all frogs. It is also the only frog in the world to be completely lungless, and is believed to absorb oxygen directly through its skin like the similarly-adapted lungless salamanders. West Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
    cld1723735.jpg
  • Long-legged Bush Frog (Philautus kakipanjang). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1705173.jpg
  • The White-eared Tree Frog (Feihyla kajau) lays its eggs in clusters on leaves overhanging small streams. When the tadpoles emerge they drop down into the water below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1705158.jpg
  • File-eared Tree Frog (Polypedates otilophus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld07040578.jpg
  • A tiny bush frog (Philautus cf. aurantium) calls from its perch in the Bornean rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld09082290.jpg
  • Mossy Tree Frog (Philautus macroscelis), male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10100677.jpg
  • Kerangas Bush Frog (Philautus kerangae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2119544.jpg
  • Sun Glass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium aueroguttatum), male hiding on the underside of a leaf. The pattern on the back of this species mimics a cluster of the frog's eggs, which help to deter attacks by predatory wasps. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
    cld1811659.jpg
  • With half a dozen species, Borneo is famous for its horned frogs. These are denizens of the rainforest floor and as such are expertly camouflaged for hiding among leaf litter. Most species rely so much on crypsis to avoid detection they have neglected other adaptations to escape predators, such as having weak legs for jumping. This is the rarest of the Bornean species: the Mulu Horned Frog (Megophrys dringi) which has only been known from a handful of sightings. This paucity of records is undoubtedly due to the remote locality where it occurs: high-elevation moss forests adjacent to clear mountain streams. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld2006086.jpg
  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1928968.jpg
  • Bush frog (Philautus sp.). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld10100546.jpg
  • Saffron-bellied Frog (Chaperina fusca). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1704604.jpg
  • The tiny Obscure Bush Frog (Philautus tectus) is endemic to Borneo where it can be found near small streams and seeps in lowland rainforest. This species has been listed as Vulnerable because it is limited to small scattered populations, many of which have been lost due to land development. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1503111.jpg
  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1605084.jpg
  • Tree Frog (Litoria rubella). Wasur National Park, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld06021813.jpg
  • Arfak Tree Frog (Litoria arfakiana) from the montane forests of Indonesian New Guinea. With nearly 300 species already described, and some estimates predicting at least double that amount awaiting discovery, the island is a hot spot for frog diversity. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1313812.jpg
  • Painted Antnest Frog (Lithodytes lineatus), a mimic of toxic dendrobatid frogs. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
    cld2011229.jpg
  • Sarayacu Tree Frog (Dendropsophus parviceps). Orellana, Ecuador.
    cld1807484.jpg
  • Hidden in the dense leaf litter of the rainforest floor, an Amazonian Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) lies in wait for its next meal. With a mouth wider than the length of its body, and a voracious appetite to boot, these frogs can consume prey as large as small reptiles and rodents. This species is widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, but nowhere particularly abundant. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
    cld1807772.jpg
  • Yellow Burrowing Frog (Glyphoglossus flavus). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei.
    cld1708166.jpg
  • The mountains of Vietnam are home to several species of amphibians which are perfectly adapted for camouflage in the mossy cloud forests. Perched atop a small leaf, this Tiny Bubblenest Frog (Gracixalus supercornutus) can easily be mistaken for a clump of moss epiphylls. Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
    cld2000495.jpg
  • Rough-sided Frog (Pulchrana glandulosa). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1925769.jpg
  • Andranolava Reed frog (Heterixalus luteostriatus). Tsaranoro Valley, Madagascar.
    cld1832156.jpg
  • Rainbow frog (Scaphiophryne gottlebei). Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
    cld1832402.jpg
  • Hidden in the dense leaf litter of the rainforest floor, an Amazonian Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) lies in wait for its next meal. With a mouth wider than the length of its body, and a voracious appetite to boot, these frogs can consume prey as large as small reptiles and rodents. This species is widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, but nowhere particularly abundant. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
    cld1808290.jpg
  • Borneo Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1409666.jpg
  • The Mindanao Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus stejnegeri) is endemic to the rainforests of the south-eastern Philippines where it is threatened by habitat loss. Mindanao, Philippines.
    cld1202723.jpg
  • Smith's Litter Frog (Leptobrachium smithi). Krabi, Thailand.
    cld1103126.jpg
  • Found throughout the lowland rainforests of Sarawak, the loud honking call of the Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus) is commonly heard before the onset of heavy thunderstorms. When disturbed it remains completely motionless, relying on its excellent camouflage to escape detection from potential predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld08121117.jpg
  • Borneo Opposite-fingered Tree Frog (Feihyla inexpectata), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld1802219.jpg
  • The complex ecosystem of the rainforest is filled with such a plethora of tiny hungry creatures that many predators may themselves become victims to something larger. Here, in the humid jungles of southern New Guinea, an unfortunate tree frog is being devoured by a large huntsman spider (family Sparassidae). With leg spans sometimes exceeding 15cm, these spiders spin no webs and instead rely on speed to catch their prey. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
    cld1716313.jpg
  • Bornean Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), vocalising. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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