Chien C. Lee

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  • The Dusky Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasi) roosts in large colonies in caves, though like most other fruit bats it is not capable of echolocation and relies on its keen eyesight for navigation.  It emerges at night to feed on a variety of fruits, often carrying food back to its roost to eat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • After quickly selecting a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa), a Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) makes off with her prize to dine some distance away at a safe perch, thereby helping to disperse the tree's seeds that will ultimately lead to fruit for her future generations. Figs reach their pinnacle of diversity in Borneo with at least 150 species and, perhaps more than any other group of plants, are considered keystone species of the rainforest because of the complex interdependences they exhibit with countless animals and insects. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) swoops in to select a ripe fig (Ficus fistulosa) growing directly on the trunk of the tree. Rather than eating on the spot, the bat will carry the fig off to a favorite perch where it can dine in safety, thus helping to spread the tree's seeds. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lesser Bare-backed fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), feeding on fig. Nimbokrang, Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Fruit and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae) play an important role in the dispersal and pollination of many rainforest trees including figs, bananas, and durian. Over 17 species occur in Borneo, including the widespread Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, pictured here). Unlike insectivorous bats, most Pteropodids do not echolocate and instead rely on their large eyes and keen sense of smell for nocturnal navigation. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The resplendent feathers of a Superb Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus superbus). Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Short-nosed Fruit Bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) roosting under a wild banana leaf. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bulbophyllum patens with a visiting fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) with a pollinarium attached to its back. Attracted by the floral scent, the flies act as pollinators but also benefit by acquiring specific chemicals which aid in the attraction of mates. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This male hammer-headed fruit fly (Themara sp., family Tephritidae) sports unusually long eye stalks, superficially resembling the true stalk-eyed flies (family Diopsidae). The males are highly territorial, each staking out a small favorable patch on the surface of a fallen log near the rainforest floor. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit piercing moths (Eudocima phalonia) converge on a cluster of ripe figs (Ficus fistulosa) to feed on the sweet juice. Many moths in this family have similar feeding habits and can be damaging to commercial fruit crops. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit-piercing moth (Eudocima phalonia) using its stout proboscis to feed on the sweet juice of wild figs (Ficus fistulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The fruits of this tenacious jungle vine (Alsomitra macrocarpa) hang from the branches of an emergent tree above the rainforest canopy.  The seeds which are released through a hole at the bottom of the fruit are equipped with a huge transparent wing which enables them to glide hundreds of yards before reaching the ground.  A classic example of mechanical dispersal in the forest. East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Wild nutmeg (Myristica sp.), fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nectar-feeding bats play an essential role in the pollination of many rainforest trees. Here, a Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) arrives at the night-blooming blossoms of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus). Prized for its delectable aromatic fruit, the productivity of many durian plantations is under threat where the native bat populations have been killed off by hunters. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus) feeding on fruit of Tabernaemontana macrocarpa. Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) visits the flowers of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus) which open to release their nectar only at night. This bat, which is one of the smallest fruit bats, is an important pollinator of not only durian but many other forest trees. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A male Whitehead's Broadbill (Calyptomena whiteheadi) returns to its nest where it passes food to the hungry chick. Both male and female care for the nestlings, providing insects and fruit, as well as removing fecal pellets. This scarcely-seen species is the largest of all the green broadbills (reaching 27cm in length) and is endemic to the montane forests of Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • With an adult size usually under 405g, the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) is the smallest of all lorises. It is strictly nocturnal and survives on a diet of insects and fruit. Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam.
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  • The Ornate Cuscus (Phalanger ornatus) is endemic to Halmahera and a few offshore islands including Morotai and Bacan. Like other Phalangerids it is nocturnal and feeds primarily on fruit and leaves. Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • The large red fruits of this Kelumpang Sarawak (Sterculia megistophylla) tree have split open revealing the shiny seeds within. Cauliflory (flowering and fruiting along the trunk) is a common phenomenon among many rainforest tree species, and is an adaptation to reach pollinating and dispersing animals in the understory. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • During a rare mass fruiting season winged seeds of a dipterocarp tree (Dryobalanops lanceolata) whirl their way down to the forest floor like miniature helicopters. This adaptation allows the seeds to scatter over a larger area, thus increasing their chance of survival. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus), eating fruits on a hanging vine (Adenia macrophylla). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Little Green-Pigeon (Treron olax), male feeding on fruits of Glochidion rubrum. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus chrysorrhous) is a widespread arboreal marsupial occurring in the lowland rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. It is solitary and nocturnal, feeding primarily on leaves and fruits. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus chrysorrhous) is a widespread arboreal marsupial occurring in the lowland rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. It is solitary and nocturnal, feeding primarily on leaves and fruits. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Javan Cucumber (Alsomitra macrocarpa), vines bearing nearly ripe gourds which will soon release their winged seeds. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees including mangroves and bananas. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Brehm's Tiger-parrot (Psittacella brehmii). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Red River Fig (Ficus racemosa) is a common tree found along watercourses across Southeast Asia. The figs (which ripen red) are produced in large clusters along the trunk and branches (cauliflory) and are an important food source for a wide range of animals including bats, civets, orangutan, elephants, and hornbills. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Alsomitra macrocarpa, nearly ripe gourds which when open will release the papery seeds. Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • Alsomitra macrocarpa, vines covering tree with open gourds that have already released their winged seeds. North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • A male flower scarab (Mecynorhina harrisi), prepared to ward off rivals with his formidable horn, guards a female while she feeds on tree sap. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Sri Lanka Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura dandolena). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • The nocturnal blossoms of a wild durian (Durio kutejensis) are visited by a Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea). Although also attracting bees, birds, and other small pollinators during the day, the flowers of this tree open fully at dusk whereupon they begin to produce copious amounts of rich mango-scented nectar – an enticing draw for a bat with a keen sense of smell and an irresistible sweet tooth. With their ability to travel great distances and visit countless flowers in a single night, nectar-feeding bats play a vital role in the pollination of many rainforest plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A view from within the pitcher of this semi-carnivorous plant (Nepenthes ampullaria). Without a protective lid as in most other species of Nepenthes, the pitchers of N. ampullaria are exposed to rain as well as a continual fall of leaf litter from the forest canopy. In this way they are able to derive a significant portion of their nutrients from detritus. The dark objects on the inner rim are pupae of a Megaselia fly whose larvae feed on dead insects within the pitcher fluid. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to Sulawesi and the Sula Islands, the Sulawesi Black Pigeon (Turacoena manadensis) inhabits coastal, lowland, and hill forests. Gorontalo, Indonesia.
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  • This large male Northwest Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) is just beginning to develop cheek pads, a sign of maturity and placing his age to perhaps between 15 to 20 years. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill (Tockus leucomelas). Khama Rhino Sanctuary, Central Provice, Botswana.
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  • With his crop full of food and water, a male Plain-pouched Hornbill (Rhyticeros subruficollis) returns to his nest in the cavity of a tree wherein the female waits sealed inside. During the nesting period, which can last several months, his mate will be completely dependent on his regular visits to provide her with everything she needs while she incubates the young and raises the chicks. Unfortunately, his duties on this day have been complicated by the annoying attentions of a Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus) which has perhaps also been nesting nearby. Although much smaller than the hornbill, drongos are known for their bold and aggressive behavior, especially towards other birds that could be potential predators of their nests. Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.
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  • Like an ancient carven sculpture, the incredible buttress roots of this huge rainforest tree (Tachigali panamensis) belie its fleeting nature. Sometime called the ‘Suicide Tree’, it is truly monocarpic: after reaching maturity it will flower and set fruit only once and then die. Although monocarpy is a common adaptation among small herbaceous plants in seasonal habitats, it is extremely rare among large tropical trees, especially since rainforests are generally quite stable environments. This strategy may have evolved because it provides several possible advantages for the tree’s seedlings. For one, the infrequency of fruiting means that fewer seed predators can specialize on this species. Also, as the mother tree withers and eventually falls over, it creates an open gap in the forest canopy which is vital for the development of its young saplings underneath. Colón, Panama.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of Borneo, the Chestnut-hooded Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus treacheri) often travels in noisy flocks while they forage for insects and fruit. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Vogelkop Ringtail (Pseudochirulus schlegeli), one of New Guinea’s least studied possums, being known from only a few specimens. Like other ringtails, they are strictly nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on fruit and leaves. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • An aerial perspective of northern Borneo's lowland rainforest reveals the heterogeneity and incredible diversity of trees that comprise this ecosystem. Various flushes of reds, oranges, and yellows among the canopy as seen here are the first indications of a periodic mass flowering event during which as many as 80% of the trees may bloom simultaneously before setting fruit. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Spotted Cuscus forages in a small tree for leaves and fruit at night. Central Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A carefully arranged pile of Aeschynanthus flowers forms the centerpiece of a Vogelkop Bowerbird's (Amblyornis inornata) display. The elaborately constructed twig hut with various colorful ornaments (here including flowers, beetle elytra, and fruit husks) is constructed by the male solely for the purpose of impressing female birds to select him as a mate. Each male will use their own artistic preferences in selecting various colors for their display, and theft of highly desirable items by competitors is a frequent occurrence. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Reds, oranges, yellows, and other bright colors among the rainforest canopy are a sign of a mass flowering event. Borneo's rainforests undergo a cyclic mass flowering every 4-6 years (usually triggered by a dry spell), during which the majority of the trees flower and fruit simultaneously. This periodic event is a fundamental factor in the ecology of nearly all rainforest organisms in Borneo.
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  • A Pygmy Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) makes a meal of a giant stick insect (Tirachoidea sp.).  Although primarily insectivorous, these nocturnal primates will also feed on fruit, sap, flowers, lizards, and nestling birds.  Captive. Endangered Primate Rescue Centre, Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh, Vietnam.
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  • Impressive trees of this enormous Fishtail Palm grow at the entrance of a limestone cave in Mulu National Park. These and many of the other trees growing in the vicinity have grown from seeds carried there by fruit-eating bats which roost in the cave. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nycticebus menagensis. One of four species of Slow Loris found in Borneo. All Slow Loris are nocturnal arboreal primates which feed on small animals, insects and soft fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque (Macaca hecki) occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Grandidier's Baobab (Adansonia grandidieri). The baobab trees of Madagascar are such an iconic sight that it's easy to overlook the fact that some species are highly endangered. In addition to habitat loss, Madagascar baobabs have very poor seedling survival rates and young trees are a rare find. It is theorized that their large pulpy fruits were only consumed by now extinct animals such as giant tortoises, baboon-like lemurs, and the enormous elephant birds, which served to disperse the tree's seeds. Since some of these animals only disappeared in the past thousand years it is quite possible that the oldest trees existing today germinated from the dung of Madagascar's lost megafauna. Morondava, Madagascar.
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  • Giant Banana (Musa ingens). Enormous trunks (c. 1m in diameter) of this giant wild banana which is endemic to the mountains of New Guinea. Although vegetatively the largest species of Musa, reaching over 15m in height, the fruits are small and inedible. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A lone Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) ventures down to the rainforest floor to take a sip of mineral mud at a clay lick. This is a common phenomenon with the larger parrots of the region and was often believed to be due to the fact that the birds ingest the clay to help neutralize toxins in the fruits that they consume. More recent observations suggest that they may simply be obtaining salt – a mineral that is in particularly scarce supply in the western Amazon Basin. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • A Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus) munches on a handful of young vine leaves it has picked in the forest canopy. Although these endangered monkeys feed on over sixty different species of plants, they select their food carefully and in particular avoid sweet fruits which can upset the balance of bacteria in their guts. Like other leaf-eating colobine monkeys, doucs have large chambered stomachs – making them the only ruminant primates and giving them their characteristic pot-bellied appearance. Son Tra Nature Reserve, Vietnam.
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • With almost a sinister beauty, this garden of parasitoid fungus (possibly Akanthomyces) sprouts its fruiting bodies from the back of a moth it has killed. These release millions of microscopic spores which are dispersed into the surrounding area. When ingested by another insect they spell certain doom. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) is endemic to Borneo and nearby Karimata Island, with several subspecies occurring throughout its range. Like other leaf monkeys they are almost completely arboreal and feed on foliage, seeds, and some fruits.  Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Although the ‘zombie ants’ are undoubtedly the most infamous, entomopathogenic fungi come in a great diversity of species, many of which specialize in a particular type of prey. Here, a weevil has been killed by Ophiocordyceps curculionum, and is now a host to three fruiting bodies that have been releasing new spores. Like the mind-controlling fungi in ants, this pathogen similarly manipulates the weevil like a puppeteer to position itself in the ideal spot before it dies. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • A Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) pauses for a break while munching on his chosen leaf. Endemic to Borneo and a few offshore islands, these leaf monkeys feed on a wide range of foliage and unripe fruits, traveling in groups of up to a dozen individuals. One theory regarding their distinctive bright orange coloration is that this may help to confuse some predators into mistaking them for a much larger and stronger Orangutan, and thus deter attacks. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sometimes referred to as 'durian kura-kura' (tortoise durian), Durio testudinarum is one of the rarest of edible durian species. It flowers near the base of the tree and produces clusters of small fruits that bear a musky odor. Like other durians, the blooms of D. testudinarum are open at night, though the pollinator of this species remains unknown. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Goniothalamus ridleyi. Cauliflory (flowering and fruiting along the trunk) is a common phenomenon among many rainforest tree species, and is an adaptation to reach pollinating and dispersing animals in the understory. East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
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  • Grandidier's Baobab (Adansonia grandidieri). The baobab trees of Madagascar are such an iconic sight that it's easy to overlook the fact that some species are highly endangered. In addition to habitat loss, Madagascar baobabs have very poor seedling survival rates and young trees are a rare find. It is theorized that their large pulpy fruits were only consumed by now extinct animals such as giant tortoises, baboon-like lemurs, and the enormous elephant birds, which served to disperse the tree's seeds. Since some of these animals only disappeared in the past thousand years it is quite possible that the oldest trees existing today germinated from the dung of Madagascar's lost megafauna. Morondava, Madagascar.
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  • A Golden Forest Ant (Polyrhachis ypsilon) has been killed by a parasitic Ophiocordyceps fungus which has consumed its body. Before dying, the behaviour of infected ants is controlled by the fungus, and are directed to climb to a suitable location usually on the underside of a leaf. There the fungus kills its host and produces fruiting bodies which releases spores to infect more ants below. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda), also known as the Red Leaf Monkey, is endemic to Borneo and nearby Karimata Island, with several subspecies occurring throughout its range. Like other leaf monkeys they are almost completely arboreal and feed on foliage, seeds, and some fruits. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Although normally solitary, male Longhorn Bees such as these (Thygater sp.), often form sleeping aggregations on the undersides of leaves at night – a behavior aimed at reducing predatory risk. However, this group seems to be unaware of the imminent danger now lurking in their midst: while sleeping, one of their group has quietly been devoured from inside out by a pathogenic fungus (Ophiocordyceps humbertii). Long fruiting bodies now grow from the carcass of the dead bee, eventually releasing copious spores that will colonize the fungi’s next victim. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • The Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos) is endemic to the island of Sumatra.  Like other leaf monkeys, this species is primarily folivorous, but also consumes flowers and fruits. Kerinci Seblat National Park, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • One of the world's most endangered primates, the Bornean Banded Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas) has been threatened by both habitat loss and hunting. Now, only a few isolated populations remain in coastal Sarawak, with an estimated total of just a few hundred individuals. They feed on foliage and fruits in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A robber fly (family Asilidae) killed by parasitic fungus (Ophiocordyceps dipterigena). This fungus specializes in feeding on adult flies. After consuming the interior of its host the cream-colored fruiting bodies emerge and release spores to infect new insects. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) is endemic to Borneo and nearby Karimata Island, with several subspecies occurring throughout its range. Like other leaf monkeys they are almost completely arboreal and feed on foliage, seeds, and some fruits. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Polyalthia cauliflora. Cauliflory (flowering and fruiting along the trunk) is a common phenomenon among many rainforest tree species and is an adaptation to reach pollinating and dispersing animals in the understory. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Lowland Paca (Cuniculus paca) photographed by camera trap. These large rodents are solitary and live in burrows, emerging only at night to forage on vegetation of the forest floor, including fallen fruits, and are important dispersers of many rainforest seeds. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • The haunting hollow skeleton of a fly is all that remains after being consumed alive by a parasitoid fungi (Ophiocordyceps cf. dipterigena) in the New Guinean rainforest. Two different types of fruiting bodies have emerged from the fly's body: the dorsal 'mushrooms' (ascostroma) are perfectly positioned to release tiny spores on the fungi's next victim. The tropics hold a great diversity of these entomopathogenic fungi, with undoubtedly many undescribed species, each apparently tailored to target specific insect hosts. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The Waigeo Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis) is endemic to a single island off the northwestern coast of West Papua. Closely related to possums, this is a pouched marsupial, spending its entire life in the trees where it feeds on leaves and occasional fruits.
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