Chien C. Lee

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  • A pair of Lesser False Vampire Bats (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Lesser False Vampire Bat (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Pygmy Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) makes a meal of a giant stick insect (Tirachoidea sp.).  Although primarily insectivorous, these nocturnal primates will also feed on fruit, sap, flowers, lizards, and nestling birds.  Captive. Endangered Primate Rescue Centre, Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh, Vietnam.
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  • A Feline Owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles insignis) rests in a dense thicket of vegetation by day. This unusual family of nocturnal insectivorous birds, whose center of distribution is in New Guinea, is neither closely related to owls nor nightjars, and are placed in their own order. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A pair of Lesser False Vampire Bats (Megaderma spasma) roosting near the entrance of a shallow limestone cave. Named because of their superficial resemblance to true vampire bats (which are restricted to Central and South America), Megaderma are insectivorous and do not drink blood. This species sometimes attains a large size (nearly 35g in weight) and is known to occasionally take more substantial prey including lizards, small birds, mammals, and even other bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
    cld08112034.jpg
  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A study on perfection in mimicry: a Satanic Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus phantasticus). One of 14 species of leaf-tailed geckos endemic to Madagascar, this nocturnal insectivore utilizes its incredible camouflage to hide among dead foliage by day. All Uroplatus geckos are under severe threat from deforestation and over-collecting for the international pet trade. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) returns to its roost in a pitcher of Nepenthes hemsleyana. This recently discovered mutualism benefits both parties. The bats obtain a secure shelter safe from predators and rain, and the plants derive a significant portion of their nitrogen from the bat's droppings. Belait, Brunei Darussalam (Borneo).
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  • The Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogon) roosts in caves and large rock crevices, emerging at night to feed on insects high above the forest canopy. It is found throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It's echolocation calls while flying are audible as high pitched clicks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • When threatened, the Knob-tailed Gecko (Nephrurus levis) raises its body off the ground to appear larger in size. Cape Range National Park, Western Australia.
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  • A male Whitehead's Broadbill (Calyptomena whiteheadi) returns to its nest where it passes food to the hungry chick. Both male and female care for the nestlings, providing insects and fruit, as well as removing fecal pellets. This scarcely-seen species is the largest of all the green broadbills (reaching 27cm in length) and is endemic to the montane forests of Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Although the vast Australian outback is famous for its aridity, poor soils, and tortuous heat in summer, a surprising number of colorful creatures make this habitat their home. One of these is the aptly named Splendid Fairy-wren (Malurus splendens), a dainty yet bold bird that lives in small groups that hunt insects among the desert scrub. Despite the male’s gaudy plumage (as shown here), he will supplement his courtship efforts by wooing the female with pink or purple flower petals he has carefully plucked. Shark's Bay, Western Australia.
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  • Spiny-tailed Gecko (Diplodactylus ciliaris). Exmouth, Western Australia.
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  • Crab spiders of the genus Amyciaea are excellent mimics of Weaver Ants (Oecophylla), their preferred prey. In this manner they are able to both avoid predators and easily approach within striking distance of the ants. North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • Within the chamber of a giant pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah), an iridescent Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.) emerges from its pupal case. These large mosquitoes do not suck blood, feeding instead on flower nectar and plant sap. The larvae are voracious predators of aquatic insects, including the young of other mosquitoes. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Red-bearded Bee-eater (Nyctyornis amictus), male. Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A master of camouflage, the Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) is almost completely undetectable when it is at rest on a small tree in the forest understory. Frilled flaps of skin along its body break up its outline, making it appear nearly seamless with the tree on which it rests. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Closeup portrait of a Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko). Uthai Thani, Thailand.
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  • Rough Chameleon (Trioceros rudis). Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
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  • A Lined Gecko (Gekko vittatus) perches in its rainforest habitat on the island of Halmahera, central Indonesia. Sometimes referred to as the "Skunk Gecko" because of its distinctive coloration, these are popular animals in the pet trade and large numbers are collected and exported yearly from Indonesia and the Solomon Islands. North Maluku, Indonesia.
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  • Madagascar Green Lynx Spider (Peucetia madagascariensis). Canal des Pangalanes, Madagascar.
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  • The small and nocturnal Sunda Stink-badger (Mydaus javanensis lucifer) is a relative of the skunks (family Mephitidae) occurring in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. It feeds on invertebrates and small animals as well as tuberous roots. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Gursky's Spectral Tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae) perches outside of its tree hole roost. These tiny nocturnal primates emerge every evening to hunt for insects. Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • A master of camouflage, the Mossy Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) is almost completely undetectable when it is at rest on a small tree in the forest understory. Frilled flaps of skin along its body break up its outline, making it appear nearly seamless with the tree on which it rests. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • The impressive Sailfin Lizard (Hydrosaurus celebensis) is the largest agamid lizard in the world, reaching over 1 m in length.  They are very agile swimmers and are seldom found far from rivers.  They feed on leaves and insects. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Marauder Ants (Carebara affinis) attacking a beetle grub. The minor workers are assisted by their larger sisters, the majors and super-majors, which use their powerful mandibles to cut the grub into smaller pieces. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With over 320 described species and probably as many more yet awaiting discovery, New Guinea hosts a staggering diversity of frogs. This unidentified tree frog (Litoria sp.) was photographed in the moss forest of a remote mountain in the northern Jayawijaya Range. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Named in honor of singer-songwriter David Bowie, this large huntsman spider (Heteropoda davidbowie) occurs in rainforests from Thailand to Sumatra and Borneo.
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  • A pair of Short-nosed Tree Frogs (Leptomantis gauni) in amplexus, perched on the foliage of a tree on the bank of a clear stream. Eggs will be deposited in a foam nest overhanging the water so that the emerging tadpoles can drop directly into the stream below. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rufous Mouse Lemur (Microcebus rufus), feeding on katydid. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Marauder Ants (Carebara affinis) attacking a beetle grub. The minor workers are assisted by their larger sisters, the majors and super-majors, which use their powerful mandibles to cut the grub into smaller pieces. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Two-banded Chameleon (Furcifer balteatus), female. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A large colony of Wrinkle-lipped Bats (Chaerephon plicata) emerges from a cave at dusk. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Jumping spiders of the genus Portia prey almost exclusively on other spiders, which they hunt using their superior eyesight and deceptive mimicry of a piece of detritus. They are also capable of drumming spider webs in specialized patterns, luring the host spider to within striking distance. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus borneensis). Bukit Sarang Conservation Area, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Two-banded Chameleon (Furcifer balteatus), female. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus cf. mikianus) from the Mamberamo Basin in western New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Northern Leaf-tailed Gecko (Saltuarius cornutus). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Dull-green Shrub Frog (Pseudophilautus viridis). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • Iridescent Bark Mantis (Metallyticus splendidus). One of the most beautiful of all praying mantises, these rare mantids are unique in their metallic coloration. They are found on and underneath bark of rainforest trees and are believed to prey exclusively on cockroaches. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Superbly camouflaged, this lichen huntsman spider (Pandercetes gracilis) lies in wait for prey on the trunk of a tree in the Arfak Mountains of New Guinea. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Draco cornutus, in flight. Flying lizards of the genus Draco are superbly adapted for their arboreal lifestyle. They are capable of gliding from tree to tree on wing-like flaps of skin supported by their movable ribs. They feed primarily on ants. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Lynx spider (Hamadruas superba) preying on plant bug (Alydidae). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Short-horned Chameleon (Calumma brevicorne), female. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A predatory Robber Fly (Cophinopoda sp.) waits on a blade of grass for passing insects. South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Feared by some, revered by others, the Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is surely one of Madagascar's most bizarre lemurs. Unique among primates, the Aye-aye's front incisors grow continuously like a rodent, leading to the early belief that they were some sort of gigantic nocturnal squirrel. Equally unusual are its long bony middle fingers which are used by the animal to tap tree trunks for the sound of insect grubs inside and then extract them like a fish hook. Unfortunately, Aye-ayes have become gravely endangered from habitat loss and persecution by people: they are often killed on sight due to the superstition that they are an omen of death. Tomasina, Madagascar.
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  • Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis ceylonicus). Southern Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • At only 12cm in length, the Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher (Ceyx fallax) is one of the smallest kingfishers. It is a bird of the forest, feeding on small lizards and insects, and is endemic to Sulawesi and a few offshore islands, although scarce and patchily distributed. Gorontalo, Indonesia.
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  • Variable Cross Frog (Oreophryne variabilis). Widespread in Sulawesi, the loud calls of this tiny bush frog are a common sound in cool and wet mossy montane forests. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Short-legged Ground Roller (Brachypteracias leptosomus), one of several families of birds which are completely endemic to Madagascar. Mantadia National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A shy bird of the rainforest floor, the beautiful Blue-headed Pitta (Hydrornis baudii) is endemic to Borneo. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • Baron's Mantella (Mantella baroni). Like little jewels of the forest floor, the wonderfully colorful Mantella frogs (family Mantellidae) comprise 16 known species, all of which are endemic to Madagascar. Although unrelated, Mantellas show remarkable convergence with Central and South America's poison dart frogs (family Dendrobatidae), and share a number of common features including skin toxicity (acquired from their diet, primarily ants), diurnal behavior, and bright warning colorations. Mantadia National Park, Madagascar.
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  • With an adult size usually under 405g, the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) is the smallest of all lorises. It is strictly nocturnal and survives on a diet of insects and fruit. Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam.
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  • The rare and little known Rough Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus edwardinae) is endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Giant Leaf-tailed Gecko (Uroplatus fimbriatus) from Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • A male Black-naped Monarchs (Hypothymis azurea) at his nest. In these flycatchers both male and female will share equal care in tending to the nestlings. Krabi, Thailand.
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  • Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill (Tockus leucomelas). Khama Rhino Sanctuary, Central Provice, Botswana.
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  • The Western Tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus), also known as Horsfield's Tarsier, is a small nocturnal primate occurring in the lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo. They are carnivorous and feed mainly on insects, but occasionally take birds and bats. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An inhabitant of montane cloud forest, this unusual harvestman (Phareicranaus curvipes) possesses claw-like pedipalps for securing prey. Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Australian Green Tree Frog (Ranoidea caerulea). Queensland, Australia.
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  • White-lipped Bright-eyed Frog (Boophis albilabris). Masoala National Park, Madagascar.
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  • This large Huntsman spider (Gnathopalystes sp.) has captured a walking stick (Hermagoras hosei). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A predatory Toxorhynchites mosquito emerges from the liquid in a pitcher of Nepenthes ampullaria. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Huntsman spider preying on camel cricket, with parasitic midge. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With a full palette of colorful wing scales at their disposal, butterflies are capable of pulling off some of the most convincing and complex mimicries in the insect world. At first glance this is a common clear-winged Ithomiid butterfly, which are known for their toxicity and unpalatability. However, it is actually a Clearwinged Mimic-white (Dismorphia theucharila), a non-toxic species of the family Pieridae. It can be distinguished from its toxic models (Oleria spp.) by counting the number of legs: Dismorphia has six, whereas Oleria stands on only four. Insectivorous birds don’t have time to stop and count the legs on every butterfly in the forest, so this mimicry is a highly successful one. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • With uncanny precision, this grasshopper (Chorotypus sp.) displays its mimicry of a dead leaf down to the finest details. Why do some organisms go to such extreme lengths for their camouflage while others can get by with a much simpler appearance? The answer of course is largely due to what they are hiding from: there is a direct correlation between the detail of camouflage and the visual acuity of their specific predators. In this case, the sharp eyes of small insectivorous birds, like the hands of a master craftsman, provide the driving force to some of the most eccentric insect appearances. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • It can be argued that the perfection of camouflage is largely driven by the acuity of a predator’s vision. In many insects, such as among the great diversity of stick insects (phasmids), this selective pressure probably derives from the keen eyesight of insectivorous birds. Here, a female phasmid (Hermagoras sigillatus) from the Bornean rainforest performs a remarkable crypsis by folding her front legs forward, their expanded flanges matching together to form the resemblance of a decaying twig. This disguise not only breaks up the outline of her head (at bottom in this photo), but also conceals her antennae which otherwise could give away her disguise. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The superbly camouflaged Kinabalu Gliding Gecko (Gekko rhacophorus) is endemic to the montane forests of Mount Kinabalu in northern Borneo.  This poorly-known species is a nocturnal insectivorous tree-dweller and, like other geckos of this genus, possesses skin flaps to assist in a parachuting flight. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pygmy Sundews (Drosera eneabba), tiny insectivorous plants growing in rocky lateritic soil. Mount Lesueur National Park, Jurien Bay, Western Australia.
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  • Drosera ultramafica. This recently (2011) described sundew species occurs on ultramafic mountains in Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Palawan.  Like other sundews it is insectivorous and traps prey by means of its sticky mobile tentacles. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae) play an important role in the dispersal and pollination of many rainforest trees including figs, bananas, and durian. Over 17 species occur in Borneo, including the widespread Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, pictured here). Unlike insectivorous bats, most Pteropodids do not echolocate and instead rely on their large eyes and keen sense of smell for nocturnal navigation. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The bizzare Naked Bat (Cheiromeles torquatus) is the heaviest insectivorous bat in the world and, as its name suggests, is almost completely hairless. It often hunts insects above the forest canopy or along rivers, but also occasionally descends to the ground to catch crawling prey. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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