Chien C. Lee

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  • Sandstone cliffs on the slopes of Table Mountain. Western Cape, South Africa.
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  • Uplifted by the collision of continents, the jagged limestone peaks of New Guinea’s Central Range rise to nearly 5000 meters in height. The alpine vegetation of these remote mountain ridges and valleys are home to a rich assortment of endemic plants and animals, many of which are new to science. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Uplifted by the collision of continents, the jagged limestone peaks of New Guinea’s Central Range rise to nearly 5000 meters in height. The alpine vegetation of these remote mountain ridges and valleys are home to a rich assortment of endemic plants and animals, many of which are new to science. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Exposed ultramafic rocks dominate the landscape of the summit of Victoria Peak in south-central Palawan. This mountain contains the most extensive ultramafic forest on the island and is an important site for many endemic species. Palawan, Philippines.
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  • The trees in montane mossy forest are typically laden with epiphytic plants, such as on this mountain summit in Lore Lindu National Park. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Summit ridge of Gunung Api, the highest limestone mountain in Borneo. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Large sandstone boulders and stunted elfin forest the summit plateau of Gunung Murud, Sarawak's highest mountain. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ptari Tepui, one of a large number of sandstone tabletop mountains in Venezuela. The isolated summit plateaus host their own biota of endemic species of plants and animals. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Uplifted by the collision of continents, the jagged limestone peaks of New Guinea’s Central Range rise to nearly 5000 meters in height. Here, at the edge of the island’s divide, thick clouds rise from the rainforest plains of the south and push up against towering cliffs. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The rare Kinabalu Brown Pit Viper (Garthius chaseni) is known only from a few mountains in northern Borneo where it occurs in high elevation forest. Very little is known of its life history as it has seldom been observed in the wild. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Forested mountains of Braulio Carrillo National Park. San José, Costa Rica.
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  • A labyrinth of wind-carved rock formations covers the tabletop plateau of Mount Roraima, one of Venezuela's most famous tepuis. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • The steep upper slopes of Mt. Guiting-guiting on Sibuyan Island are composed of ultramafic peridotite rocks. Trees are scarce and the habitat is home to numerous specialized plants including two endemic Nepenthes. Romblon, Philippines.
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  • Rising mist spills over the forested plateau of Maliau Basin, a large conservation area in the remote interior of northern Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A waterfall cascades over the immense cliff of Mount Roraima, but dissipates into a fine mist before reaching the ground. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • The spectacular karst complex of the Sangkulirang Peninsula is the most extensive limestone area in Borneo.  This region is poorly explored but is believed to harbour a rich diversity of endemic plants. East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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  • Noxious hot fumes escape from a volcanic vent on Mount Papandayan leaving behind deposits of sulfur. West Java, Indonesia.
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  • Gunung Mulu, at 2376 m it is the second highest peak in Sarawak. It is surrounded by virgin rainforest in the hyper-biodiverse 528 sq. km Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Giant Groundsel (Dendrosenecio eric-rosenii ssp. alticola) and Lobelia growing at edge of Bisoke Volcano crater lake. Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
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  • Weathering from rain and wind has given rise to these razor-sharp limestone pinnacles, which can be found on the upper slopes of Mount Api in Mulu National Park. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The highest peak in Borneo, Mount Kinabalu stands at 4095 meters in elevation and is an epicenter for biodiversity in the region. Here viewed from the northern side, the upper slopes are marred with landslips caused during the 2015 earthquake. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A jewel of Ecuador’s high-elevation cloud forests is the spectacular Plate-billed Mountain Toucan (Andigena laminirostris). Unlike the more familiar toucans of lowland rainforests, these birds inhabit the coldest and wettest mountains of the Andes. Despite their predilection for these remote habitats, they are threatened by both habitat loss and capture for the pet trade. Mindo, Ecuador.
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  • Endemic to the mossy cloud forests of Papua, a Mountain Owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles albertisi) rests by the day in a thicket of vegetation. Biologists once believed that these strange cryptic birds (family Aegothelidae) were close relatives of the frogmouths due to their similar appearance and habits. Studies of their skulls has revealed that they are in fact more closely related to hummingbirds and swifts. Almost the entire family (7 of 10 species) is restricted to New Guinea. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Rather than being carnivorous, this unusual pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) derives its nutrition from the droppings of the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The animals are attracted to the plant's copious nectar secretions, and inevitably leave their scat in the pitchers which are designed like a natural toilet receptacle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) is active by day and feeds on a variety of insects and plant materials. Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Inhabitants of cool mountain streams, Big-eyed Tree Frogs (Nyctimystes spp.) are nearly entirely restricted to the island of New Guinea (with a few species in Australia and the Moluccas). This species is endemic to the Arfak Mountains of western New Guinea. West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). Volcanoes National Park, Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
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  • Snow Mountain Tiger-parrot (Psittacella lorentzi), female. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Olive Mountain Keelback (Opisthotropis typica). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This unusual pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) derives its nutrition from the droppings of the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The animals are attracted to the plant's copious nectar secretions, and inevitably leave their scat in the pitchers which are designed like a natural toilet receptacle. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Carefully sequestered on a perch not far above the rainforest floor, a Moyer’s Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon moyeri) sleeps by night safely hidden from prowling nocturnal predators. Measuring less than 6 cm in total length, these are some of the smallest and most camouflaged in Africa – by day when they hunt for insects on the ground they are nearly invisible among the leaf litter. Recent research has shown that there is a surprising amount of diversity among Rhampholeon chameleons (26 currently recognized species), many of which are restricted to their own isolated mountain ranges. . Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • As pretty as a bouquet of flowers, but with a sinister intent: a clump of Sun Pitchers (Heliamphora sarracenioides) advertises its lethal traps with bright colors and the offer of sweet nectar, amid the stunted vegetation of a tepui summit. Unwary insects that venture onto the inner surface of the pitcher easily lose their foothold and tumble into the water below where they are quickly drowned and digested by the plant. With annual rainfall sometimes exceeding four meters and virtually no mineral-rich soil available, nutrients are in scarce supply on Venezuela’s tepui mountains. This has fueled the diversification of many carnivorous plant species here, chief among them being the near-endemic genus Heliamphora with over 20 species. This species (H. sarracenioides) grows on the summit of only a single isolated tabletop mountain, accessible only by helicopter. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Sundew (Drosera trinervia) from Table Mountain. Western Cape, South Africa.
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  • Sundew (Drosera cuneifolia), from Table Mountain. Western Cape, South Africa.
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  • The upper pitcher of an undescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Nepenthes macrophylla. This rare montane pitcher plant is endemic only to the summit of Gunung Trusmadi, Malaysia's second highest mountain. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Scat of Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) on the peristome of Nepenthes rajah. This will be washed into the pitcher with rain where it becomes a vital source of nutrients for the plant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Near the summit of Gunung Murud (Sarawak's highest mountain), an newly described species of tiny bush frog (Philautus nepenthophilus) hides within the fluid of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes mollis), apparently unaffected by the plant's digestive juices therein. Phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) provide living quarters and breeding grounds for many unique creatures which are completely dependent on them. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The rare Montane Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus kobayashii) is endemic to mountain rainforests of Sabah in northern Borneo. Like other members of the genus, this large terrestrial frog relies on its superb camouflage to evade detection from predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The lower pitcher of an undescribed carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) from a remote mountain range in central New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • An infrared camera trap reveals a secretive nocturnal visitor to the giant pitchers of Nepenthes rajah. The Kinabalu Rat (Rattus baluensis) is known only from the upper slopes of Mount Kinabalu in northern Borneo. New research has confirmed that this rodent shares a similar mutualistic relationship with these pitcher plants as the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana), by obtaining sweet nectar in exchange for their nitrogen-rich droppings. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Matonia pectinata, a rare and primitive fern found on rocky and nutrient-poor mountain ridges. North Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • With half a dozen species, Borneo is famous for its horned frogs. These are denizens of the rainforest floor and as such are expertly camouflaged for hiding among leaf litter. Most species rely so much on crypsis to avoid detection they have neglected other adaptations to escape predators, such as having weak legs for jumping. This is the rarest of the Bornean species: the Mulu Horned Frog (Megophrys dringi) which has only been known from a handful of sightings. This paucity of records is undoubtedly due to the remote locality where it occurs: high-elevation moss forests adjacent to clear mountain streams. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Illuminated by a stray beam of sunlight, a Hognosed Viper (Porthidium nasutum) lies in wait on the forest floor, providing a reminder of why hikers are advised to wear high boots when walking in the Chocó rainforest off trails. These habitats are some of the richest in all South America, with a high number of endemic reptiles that are separated from their Amazonian relatives by the Andes mountain range. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • Heliamphora sarracenioides, a carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to a single tepui mountain in Venezuela. Bright colors and the offer of nectar attract insect prey. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • With over 320 described species and probably as many more yet awaiting discovery, New Guinea hosts a staggering diversity of frogs. This unidentified tree frog (Litoria sp.) was photographed in the moss forest of a remote mountain in the northern Jayawijaya Range. Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With half a dozen species, Borneo is famous for its horned frogs. These are denizens of the rainforest floor and as such are expertly camouflaged for hiding among leaf litter. Most species rely so much on crypsis to avoid detection they have neglected other adaptations to escape predators, such as having weak legs for jumping. This is the rarest of the Bornean species: the Mulu Horned Frog (Megophrys dringi) which has only been known from a handful of sightings. This paucity of records is undoubtedly due to the remote locality where it occurs: high-elevation moss forests adjacent to clear mountain streams. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The rare Montane Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus kobayashii) is endemic to mountain rainforests of Sabah in northern Borneo. Like other members of the genus, this large terrestrial frog relies on its superb camouflage to evade detection from predators. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the summit of a single mountain in Borneo, the extremely rare Widow Slender Toad (Ansonia vidua) is known from only a handful of specimens, all of which are female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Upper pitchers of Nepenthes murudensis. This rare pitcher plant is endemic to the summit region of the highest mountain in Sarawak, Gunung Murud.
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  • Large tree pandans (Pandanus sp.) dominate an open landslip on a mountain slope in Sumatra. West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • Nepenthes alba. This endemic pitcher plant grows only along the quartz ridge of the summit of Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia's highest mountain. Kelantan, Malaysia.
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  • The endangered Bear Monkey (Trachypithecus vetulus monticola) is endemic the mountain forests of Sri Lanka. Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • The toilet-shaped upper pitchers of this carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes jamban) are exceedingly funnel-shaped and filled with a thick mucilaginous liquid which may aid in prey capture. It is endemic to a single mountain in North Sumatra, Indonesia.
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  • Cloud forest. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Udzungwa Scarp Nature Reserve. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • A male flower scarab (Mecynorhina harrisi), prepared to ward off rivals with his formidable horn, guards a female while she feeds on tree sap. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • With its rough skin texture and mottled green coloration, it’s easy to see how the Mossy Rain Frog (Pristimantis museosus) is well equipped to blend in with the damp forests in which it dwells. This frog is endemic to the mountains of central Panama, a region which has seen drastic declines in many amphibians over the past few decades due to the introduction of the virulent chytrid fungus. Like other species of Pristimantis, the females of P. museosus lay large eggs that do not require water – the tadpoles transform into froglets entirely within the egg itself. This adaptation may have provided this species with some protection against chytrid, since the fungus most easily transfers among those species which breed in bodies of water. Nevertheless, this frog remains highly threatened and has disappeared from multiple sites across its range. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • Usambara Eyelash Viper (Atheris ceratophora). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Stained with the acidic tannins of heath forest, a dark colored stream drains from the ever-wet mountains above the Bada Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of Borneo, the Chestnut-hooded Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus treacheri) often travels in noisy flocks while they forage for insects and fruit. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Whitehead's Pigmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus whiteheadi), also known as the Tufted Pigmy Squirrel, is endemic to the mountains of Borneo.  It feeds almost entirely on the mosses and lichens growing on tree trunks. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spanning nearly 8 million hectares, the Mamberamo Basin is a sparsely populated floodplain surrounded by mountains in central Papua. The vast expanses of swamp forest remain almost completely undisturbed, providing one of the last extensive habitats for many lowland species. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • The seldom seen Archbold's Nightjar (Eurostopodus archboldi) is endemic to the highest mountains of New Guinea, where it can be found in open alpine habitats. Like other nightjars it sleeps by day on the ground using excellent camouflage to conceal itself. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With its fearsome clawed peristome, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes hamata) is one of the most spectacular and sought-after species in the entire genus. It is endemic to the higher mountains of Sulawesi where it grows on steep mossy ridges. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Sharp-nosed Chameleon (Kinyongia oxyrhina), male. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Giant Banana (Musa ingens). Enormous trunks (c. 1m in diameter) of this giant wild banana which is endemic to the mountains of New Guinea. Although vegetatively the largest species of Musa, reaching over 15m in height, the fruits are small and inedible. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Rhododendron zoelleri. Widespread in New Guinea, this large and showy rhododendron grows high in the mountains in clearings, on rocky cliffs, or occasionally as an epiphyte. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Rhododendron laetum. This large-flowered Rhododendron is known only from the mountains of the Vogelkop Peninsula in Indonesian New Guinea.
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  • Endemic only to the higher slopes of a few mountains in northern Borneo, this showy and fragrant Rhododendron R. retivenium) is pollinated by large carpenter bees. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spinomantis elegans, a cave-dwelling frog from high mountains in southeastern Madagascar. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Few habitat transitions are as abrupt as that of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas: when approached from the inland side, one rises quickly through a parched savannah of deciduous trees and cacti into a rich evergreen forest. Finally, at the crest of the mountains where the cool moist air from the Pacific rises up the windward slopes, the forest is suddenly drenched in dense cloud; here, the tree branches are heavily laden with mosses, orchids, and other delicate epiphytes. This enchanting habitat is home to the Horned Guan, Resplendent Quetzal, and many other remarkable creatures that are dependent on the cool moist forests. El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • Drosera ultramafica. This recently (2011) described sundew species occurs on ultramafic mountains in Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Palawan.  Like other sundews it is insectivorous and traps prey by means of its sticky mobile tentacles. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sri Lanka, the Rhino Horn Lizard (Ceratophora stoddartii) is named for the unusual spine found on the snout of males. This is likely a product of female mate selection. Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • It’s impossible for a single image to capture all of the multifaceted ornamentation of a male Magnificent Bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus). Depending on the viewpoint and which of his assets he chooses to flaunt, his display can range from a brilliant metallic green breast plate to a golden yellow nape fan. The remarkable curled tail wires, which often appear black in color, flash an incredible turquoise when the angle is just right – a tool he often uses to bedazzle female visitors to his courting ground. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Vogelkop Ringtail (Pseudochirulus schlegeli), one of New Guinea’s least studied possums, being known from only a few specimens. Like other ringtails, they are strictly nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on fruit and leaves. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • With tail feathers nearly a meter long, a male Black Sicklebill (Epimachus fastosus) struts his incredible plumage on a display perch high in the Arfak Mountains of West Papua. One of the largest of all the birds-of-paradise, this shy sicklebill is found only in remote cloud forests on the island of New Guinea. Although normally keeping to the tree tops, the male carefully selects an exposed perch lower in the canopy from where he will call and display for females at dawn.
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  • This beautiful stag beetle (Neolamprima adolphinae) is native to the mountains of New Guinea. The oversized mandibles distinguish this male. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • This beautiful stag beetle (Neolamprima adolphinae) is native to the mountains of New Guinea. The oversized mandibles distinguish this male. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Mossy cloud forest occurs at higher elevations on nearly all of Borneo's mountains. These habitats are characterized by high rainfall, frequent fog, cooler temperatures, and small trees which are covered with moss and a myriad of epiphytic plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This rare sundew (Drosera hirticalyx) is endemic to several mountains in Venezuela. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Wide-headed Tree Frog (Leptopelis grandiceps). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • With its varied topography of limestone mountains and lowland rainforest, Mulu National Park is home to one of the richest floral diversities in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • At nightfall, a Tepui Tree Frog (Tepuihyla obscura) emerges from the folds of a carnivorous bromeliad (Brocchinia reducta) in which it has sheltered for the day. Although receiving rain almost daily, the summits of Venezuela’s tepui mountains are exposed to volatile weather patterns, with mist often giving way to brutally intense sunlight over a span of a few minutes. A lack of shade-providing trees means that there is little to protect delicate animals such as amphibians, hence these water-filled bromeliads provide an ideal refuge from the harsh climate fluctuations. The slippery wax-coated leaves, which are designed to trap insects, are no hindrance to the frogs. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • The mountains of Vietnam are home to several species of amphibians which are perfectly adapted for camouflage in the mossy cloud forests. Perched atop a small leaf, this Tiny Bubblenest Frog (Gracixalus supercornutus) can easily be mistaken for a clump of moss epiphylls. Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • This peculiar dwarf species of pitcher plant (Nepenthes glabrata) is found only in the mountains of Central Sulawesi.
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  • This unidentified caterpillar which feeds on epiphytic moss, is camouflaged to look like its preferred substrate. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The Chocoan Rainforest along the Pacific coast of Panama, Colombia, and northern Ecuador is one of the world's most endangered rainforest habitats. It is separated from the Amazon rainforest by the Andes mountains, and is home to a great diversity of endemic species. Utría National Natural Park, Colombia.
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  • With a flair for home decor, the Vogelkop Bowerbird (Amblyornis inornata) produces perhaps the most artful creation of any animal, all in the name of romance. Here, a male bird shows off his collection of freshly collected flowers, fungi, beetle shells, and blue berries, neatly organized in piles laid out on a mat of meticulously cleaned moss. The twig hut in the back is not a nest - rather its construction is made entirely for the purpose of impressing a visiting female who will choose to mate with him only after a thorough inspection of his display. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The large Arfak Cannibal Frog (Lechriodus platyceps) is endemic to the mountains of the mountains of the Vogelkop Peninsula of western New Guinea.
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  • Nepenthes eymae, a pitcher plant with highly dimorphic pitchers found on the lower and upper parts of the vine.  Shown here are the upper pitchers.  It is endemic to the higher mountains of Central Sulawesi.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the Kinabalu Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus baluensis) breeds only in clear rocky streams with cold water. By day they lie camouflaged among the leaf litter on the forest floor, but they emerge at night to call for mates. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes hamata.  Given the right conditions, many species of Nepenthes have the capacity to sprout aerial rosettes on their climbing stems, so that the pitchers are suspended in mid-air.  This species is endemic to the mountains of Sulawesi.
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  • The Fire-lipped Keelback (Rhabdophis murudensis) is a rare snake known only from the higher mountains of northern Borneo.  When threatened, it has the remarkable ability to exude a white milky venom from the back of its neck as a defensive mechanism. Gunung Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Widespread in New Guinea, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes maxima) exhibits a great diversity of pitcher forms and colors. Pictured here is a variety from the Anggi Lakes region of the Arfak Mountains. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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