Chien C. Lee

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  • Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), in amplexus.  This is the smallest frog in the Old World and it rears its young exclusively in the fluid of pitcher plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • World within: the watery chamber of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) hosts a myriad of tiny specialized creatures. An amplexing pair of the Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), one of the world’s smallest amphibians, has visited the plant to deposit their eggs – they will breed nowhere else. They are flanked by a developing tadpole and the pupa of a predatory Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.). The plant benefits from everything entering the pitcher: detritus falling from the canopy above, insect prey that are drowned inside, or small visiting organisms like these that may help to break down the contents and leave their waste behind. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The smallest frog in Borneo at scarcely over 1 cm in length, a male Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola), perches on the lip of a pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) where he will entice a female to lay her eggs. These tiny frogs are so far known to breed only in the water-filled chambers of certain pitcher plants, and their small size may be an adaptation for this lifestyle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), female, with Matang Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla nepenthicola) - comparison between one of the largest and smallest frogs in Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spiny narrow-mouth frog (Scaphiophryne spinosa). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • ore than just a death trap: the watery chamber of this carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) in the Borneo rainforest is home to a brood of tiny tadpoles. One of the world's smallest frogs (Microhyla nepenthicola), this species will lay its eggs nowhere else, making them completely dependent on the plants. Here, the tadpoles grow in relative safety, except when they are faced with other water-dwelling predators including huge carnivorous mosquitoes. After several weeks they will mature into tiny froglets and make their escape from the pitcher. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A confusing array of small Microhylid frogs occur in Borneo and it is likely that many cryptic species such as this one (Nanohyla cf. perparva) await distinction. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A confusing array of small Microhylid frogs occur in Borneo and it is likely that many cryptic species such as this one (Nanohyla cf. perparva) await distinction. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sticky frog (Kalophrynus meizon). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rainbow frog (Scaphiophryne gottlebei). Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Variable Cross Frog (Oreophryne variabilis). Widespread in Sulawesi, the loud calls of this tiny bush frog are a common sound in cool and wet mossy montane forests. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • A male Bornean Tree-hole Frog (Metaphrynella sundana) calls for a mate from its lair.  These frogs are able to modify the pitch of their call to match the resonating frequency of the tree-hole chamber, thereby amplifying their volume. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Variable Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus heterochirus). Like other species in the genus, this frog secretes a sticky substance when disturbed. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Yellow Burrowing Frog (Glyphoglossus flavus). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei.
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  • Saffron-bellied Frog (Chaperina fusca). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Boulenger's Digging Frog (Plethodontohyla inguinalis). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Mossy-forest Sticky Frog (Kalophrynus dringi). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Just a few millimeters in length, a tiny froglet (Microhyla nepenthicola) makes its first climb out of the watery chamber of the pitcher plant in which it was born. This species is exclusively reliant on pitcher plants for depositing their eggs. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A miniature narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla cf. borneensis) seeks the moist shelter within a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata) resting on the Borneo rainforest floor. Normally a deadly pitfall trap, this plant's pitcher has been chewed open on the side by a small mammal, probably in an attempt to feed on the trapped insects (or fluids) inside. Several species of Nepenthes such as this are used as tadpole nurseries for certain frogs, some of which will breed nowhere else. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spending the majority of its time underground in burrows, the Borneo Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophrynoides borneensis) is a rarely seen species and little is known of its life history. Despite its common name and unusual appearance, this frog is a member of the Microhylidae and not a true toad. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Male parental care is quite rare in nature, but a variety of frogs throughout the tropics show instances where the father transports the young on his back. In most cases this involves carrying either eggs or tadpoles, but in a few New Guinean species, such as this Sphenophryne cornuta, actual froglets ride in piggyback fashion. A member of the Microhylidae, these frogs have direct-development larvae which means that the tadpoles morph into tiny frogs before leaving the egg, an adaptation enabling them to negate the need for a pool of water. The froglets will hitch a ride on the back of their father for several days before being dispersed in the rainforest understory. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea)
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  • Banded Bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra), an introduced frog to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Undescribed frog species (Callulops sp.). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Brown Bullfrog (Kaloula baleata), male. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Brown Bullfrog (Kaloula baleata). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Boulenger's Giant Treefrog (Platypelis grandis). Ramomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Microhyla borneensis, male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cophixalus rajampatensis, male. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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