Chien C. Lee

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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees. Here it is feeding on the nectar of banana flowers. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) is an important pollinator of many rainforest trees including mangroves and bananas. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nectar-feeding bats play an essential role in the pollination of many rainforest trees. Here, a Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) arrives at the night-blooming blossoms of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus). Prized for its delectable aromatic fruit, the productivity of many durian plantations is under threat where the native bat populations have been killed off by hunters. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Long-tongued Nectar Bat (Macroglossus minimus) visits the flowers of a durian tree (Durio zibethinus) which open to release their nectar only at night. This bat, which is one of the smallest fruit bats, is an important pollinator of not only durian but many other forest trees. Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the blooms of this rare mangrove tree (Pelliciera rhizophorae) are visited by hummingbirds in the day, the flowers remain open at night and exude a strong musty odor to attract an entirely different animal. Captured by an infrared camera trigger, a Leaf-nosed Bat (Glossophaga soricina) approaches an open flower to partake of the rich source of nectar. Nectar-feeding bats are common in the tropics and are responsible for the pollination of a great number of tree species. Choco, Colombia.
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  • Goodman's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus lehilahytsara), feeding on the nectar of night-blooming Dombeya flowers. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Ants (Stictoponera sp.) feeding on extrafloral nectaries on the stems of Leea aculeata. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Fruit and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae) play an important role in the dispersal and pollination of many rainforest trees including figs, bananas, and durian. Over 17 species occur in Borneo, including the widespread Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, pictured here). Unlike insectivorous bats, most Pteropodids do not echolocate and instead rely on their large eyes and keen sense of smell for nocturnal navigation. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Dusky Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasi) roosts in large colonies in caves, though like most other fruit bats it is not capable of echolocation and relies on its keen eyesight for navigation.  It emerges at night to feed on a variety of fruits, often carrying food back to its roost to eat. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rather than being carnivorous, this unusual pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) derives its nutrition from the droppings of the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The animals are attracted to the plant's copious nectar secretions, and inevitably leave their scat in the pitchers which are designed like a natural toilet receptacle. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An infrared camera trap reveals a secretive nocturnal visitor to the giant pitchers of Nepenthes rajah. The Kinabalu Rat (Rattus baluensis) is known only from the upper slopes of Mount Kinabalu in northern Borneo. New research has confirmed that this rodent shares a similar mutualistic relationship with these pitcher plants as the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana), by obtaining sweet nectar in exchange for their nitrogen-rich droppings. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The nocturnal blossoms of a wild durian (Durio kutejensis) are visited by a Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea). Although also attracting bees, birds, and other small pollinators during the day, the flowers of this tree open fully at dusk whereupon they begin to produce copious amounts of rich mango-scented nectar – an enticing draw for a bat with a keen sense of smell and an irresistible sweet tooth. With their ability to travel great distances and visit countless flowers in a single night, nectar-feeding bats play a vital role in the pollination of many rainforest plants. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pygmy Longbill (Oedistoma pygmaeum), a nectar-feeding bird showing convergent evolution with sunbirds and honeyeaters, but part of the New Guinean endemic family Melanocharitidae. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Malagasy Green Sunbird (Cinnyris notatus) feeding at flowers of Ravenala madagascariensis. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • White-bellied Sunbird (Cinnyris talatala). Ngamiland, Botwsana.
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  • Tithonus Birdwing (Ornithoptera tithonus), female, feeding at Impatiens flowers. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A male Loten's Sunbird (Cinnyris lotenius), also known as the Long-billed Sunbird. Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • A deceptive beauty: this tiny epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium cuthbertsonii), which bears flowers that last for up to nine months and are larger than the entire plant itself, offers no nectar reward for visiting pollinators. However, it appears remarkably similar in appearance to nectar-rich Rhododendrons which have flowers the same color and size and grow nearby. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes pervillei, the only pitcher plant occurring in the Seychelles, where it grows on massive granitic rock outcrops on just two islands amid a crystal clear aquamarine sea with white sand beaches. The plants grow in such luxuriant profusion that you can smell the sweet alluring scent of their pitchers that are dripping with nectar. Long considered one of the most primitive and aberrant of all Nepenthes, N. pervillei was once placed in its own genus based on its unusual seeds and flowers.
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  • Dendrobium cuthbertsonii. This tiny epiphytic orchid sports flowers which are much larger than the entire plant itself. It offers no nectar and is theorized to attract pollinating birds by its mimicry of similarly-sized and colored Rhododendron flowers which occur in the same habitat in the montane forests of New Guinea. Papua, Indonesia.
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  • As pretty as a bouquet of flowers, but with a sinister intent: a clump of Sun Pitchers (Heliamphora sarracenioides) advertises its lethal traps with bright colors and the offer of sweet nectar, amid the stunted vegetation of a tepui summit. Unwary insects that venture onto the inner surface of the pitcher easily lose their foothold and tumble into the water below where they are quickly drowned and digested by the plant. With annual rainfall sometimes exceeding four meters and virtually no mineral-rich soil available, nutrients are in scarce supply on Venezuela’s tepui mountains. This has fueled the diversification of many carnivorous plant species here, chief among them being the near-endemic genus Heliamphora with over 20 species. This species (H. sarracenioides) grows on the summit of only a single isolated tabletop mountain, accessible only by helicopter. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Within the chamber of a giant pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah), an iridescent Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites sp.) emerges from its pupal case. These large mosquitoes do not suck blood, feeding instead on flower nectar and plant sap. The larvae are voracious predators of aquatic insects, including the young of other mosquitoes. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Heliamphora sarracenioides, a carnivorous pitcher plant endemic to a single tepui mountain in Venezuela. Bright colors and the offer of nectar attract insect prey. Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • This unusual pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii) derives its nutrition from the droppings of the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The animals are attracted to the plant's copious nectar secretions, and inevitably leave their scat in the pitchers which are designed like a natural toilet receptacle. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Unlike New World Heliconia which are famous for their colorful bracts, this  species (Heliconia papuana) from New Guinea and the South Pacific are distinguished by their predominantly green inflorescences. Most are pollinated by nectar-feeding bats. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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