Chien C. Lee

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  • The Twin-barred Flying Snake (Chrysopelea pelias) is the smallest and rarest of Southeast Asia's flying snake species. Like other Chrysopelea, this snake hunts lizards and is almost completely arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii), green morph. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Three-striped Ground Snake (Pseudoxyrhopus tritaeniatus) is certainly one of the most beautiful of Madagascan endemic snakes, but why is it colored this way? Bold red stripes are frequently used as an aposematic warning, indicating to other animals of severe danger. It is curious then that not only is this species completely non-venomous but there are in fact no other dangerous snakes in Madagascar that this could possibly be a mimic of. An interesting theory points to the co-occurrence of large red toxic millipedes in the same forests – could these actually be a mimicry model for this snake? On an island legendary for its biological curiosities, nothing seems beyond the realm of possibility. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Lined Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis lineatus) also known as Blanford's Pipe Snake, a rare species endemic to Borneo and known from only a few specimens. When threatened, this species defends itself by raising its tail which is thickened and colored to appear as a head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila) is a widespread inhabitant of coastal and riverine forests in Southeast Asia, where it hunts for small mammals, reptiles (including other snakes), and birds. A rear-fanged snake, research has revealed that its venom is specifically tailored to affect birds and is relatively ineffective in subduing mammals (although bites in humans can cause pain and inflammation). This is the first known occurrence of a bird-specific toxin. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Common Big-eyed Snake (Mimophis mahfalensis). Toliara, Madagascar.
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  • A juvenile Oriental Vine Snake (Ahaetulla prasina) basks in a beam of sunlight in the rainforest of Tangkoko National Park. These highly arboreal snakes are excellent climbers and are adept at hunting lizards, their favored prey. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Three-banded Bridled Snake (Lycodon tristrigatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps) is an arboreal predator of birds and other snakes. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • When threatened, the harmless Ceylonese Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis maculatus) employs a clever trick: it flattens its tail and raises it to expose the bright checkered pattern underneath. Not only does this divert attacks away from its vulnerable head (which remains hidden beneath), but these bold color patterns resemble venomous coral snakes (Calliophis sp.). Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • One of the most beautiful of the Boigas: the Jasper Cat Snake (Boiga jaspidea), a scarce species in Borneo. Like other Boigas, it is a rear-fanged snake and hunts primarily in the trees. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although the Banded Coral Snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is not aggressive, it possesses an extremely toxic venom like other Elapids. When disturbed it displays its red tail and the brightly colored bands on its undersurface which serve as a warning signal to would-be predators. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps) is an arboreal predator of birds and other snakes.  Although it has one of the most potent venoms of all colubrid snakes, it possesses only rear fangs and is not an aggressive species. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sometimes referred to as the ‘Trees of Life’, baobabs (Adansonia spp.) provide food and shelter for many species of animals, particularly those surviving in the brutally hot and arid climate of Madagascar’s southwest. Here, a Southwestern Night Snake (Ithycyphus oursi) takes shelter during the heat of the day beneath a fissure in the bark of a Za Baobab (A. za). These hiding spots are sometimes shared with geckos, scorpions and Madagascar’s famous hissing cockroaches. This snake, incidentally, is one of the few venomous species on the island; while perhaps not dangerous to humans its bite has been observed to cause paralysis in chameleons. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Scarcely longer than an earthworm, this juvenile slug-eating snake (Pareas hamptoni) sleeps balanced on top of a fern frond. Many slug-eating snakes retain the  unusual asymmetric dentition of their snail-eating ancestors, an adaptation for pulling snails out of their shells via a process known as ‘mandibular walking’. Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Although usually considered a terrestrial species, the Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) is an excellent climber and can occasionally be seen climbing tree trunks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Vieira's Snail-eating Snake (Sibon vieirai). Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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  • Barnes' Cat Snake (Boiga barnesii). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Paradise Tree Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Oriental Vine Snake (Ahaetulla prasina) is an agile climber, feeding on small birds and lizards with its excellent binocular vision. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Like most snail-eating snakes, the Blunt-headed Tree Snake (Aplopeltura boa) is small and slender with an abnormally large head. They posses an asymmetric arrangement of teeth in their lower jaw which enables them to pry snails from their shells (most of which swirl in a clockwise direction) by a process referred to as "mandible walking". Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Red-tailed Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis ruffus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Striped Sharpnose Snake (Philodryas argentea). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Malagasy Giant Hognose Snake (Leioheterodon madagascariensis), hunting for lizard eggs which are buried in the sand. Akanin'ny Nofy, Madagascar.
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  • Malayan Banded Wolf Snake (Lycodon subcinctus), juvenile. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Like most snail-eating snakes, the Blunt-headed Tree Snake (Aplopeltura boa) is small and slender with an abnormally large head. They possess an asymmetric arrangement of teeth in their lower jaw which enables them to pry snails from their shells (most of which swirl in a clockwise direction) by a process referred to as "mandible walking". This species is widespread in Southeast Asia and ranges from Myanmar to the Philippines and Sunda islands. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Few warning signals in nature are as blatant as the colors of the Aquatic Coral Snake (Micrurus surinamensis), and for good reason: it possesses a highly potent neurotoxic venom. Unique among South American elapid snakes, its venom appears to be specialized for its favored prey of fish and eels, although can undoubtedly be fatal for mammals as well. They are, however, very non-aggressive and bite only when attacked or accidentally stepped on – the latter of which is rare thanks to their gaudy coloration. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • A Harlequin Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis) struggles futilely as it is being slowly swallowed alive by a Black-Headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Stagnant pools of water in the Borneo rainforest serve as important breeding grounds for many tree frogs which gather around in great numbers, a fact that some predators wisely take advantage of. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Paradise Tree Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Bornean Dark-necked Slug Snake (Asthenodipsas borneensis). This nocturnal species feeds on slugs and snails in low vegetation. Recently split from A. malaccanus of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Keel-bellied Vine Snake (Dryophiops rubescens), a lizard-eating arboreal colubrid. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Canopy Slug-eating Snake (Sibon canopy), a new species described in January 2023, endemic to Panama. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • Cloudy Snail-eating Snake (Sibon nebulatus). Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • Paradise Flying Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Inger's Slug-eating Snake (Asthenodipsas ingeri). Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Forest Water Snake (Thamnosophis infrasignatus). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis), juvenile. Mamberamo Basin, Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Red-headed Reed Snake (Calamaria schlegeli schlegeli), a small soil-dwelling species which feeds on frogs and slugs. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Blunthead Tree Snake (Imantodes cenchoa), a lizard hunting specialist that due to its extremely slender body is able to seek out sleeping lizards on even the most delicate of branches. Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rough-backed Litter Snake (Xenodermus javanicus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Slug-eating snake (Asthenodipsas cf. ingeri). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Wolf snake (Stegonotus sp.). Highland Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Dryad Snake (Mastigodryas melanolomus). Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps). Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei (Borneo).
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  • Spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Malagasy Giant Hognose Snake (Leioheterodon madagascariensis), a burrowing species and Madagascar's largest colubrid. Tomasina, Madagascar.
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  • Madagascar Cat-eyed Snake (Madagascarophis colubrinus). Mahajanga, Madagascar.
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  • Widespread throughout much of Southeast Asia, the Sunbeam Snake ((Xenopeltis unicolor)) is a burrowing species commonly associated with cultivated areas. It is named after the rainbow-like iridescence of its scales. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Madagascar Cat-eyed Snake (Madagascarophis colubrinus). Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • The rare Forsten's Pointed Snake (Rabdion forsteni) is endemic to Sulawesi and known from only a few specimens. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps), juvenile. Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mangrove Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although usually considered a terrestrial species, the Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) is an excellent climber and can occasionally be seen climbing tree trunks. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Frog-eating Snake (Stegonotus borneensis), juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Slug-eating Snake (Pareas berdmorei). Yunnan, China.
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  • Rarely encountered due to their subterranean habits, Dwarf Pipe Snakes (Anomochilidae) are very little studied and are known from only a small handful of specimens. In addition to their bold coloration (which may serve to mimic venomous coral snakes), they also a false head on their tail to deflect attacks away from their true head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rarely encountered due to their subterranean habits, Dwarf Pipe Snakes (Anomochilidae) are very little studied and are known from only a small handful of specimens. In addition to their bold coloration (which may serve to mimic venomous coral snakes), they also a false head on their tail to deflect attacks away from their true head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A juvenile Speckle-bellied Keelback (Rhabdophis chrysargos) from the forested slopes of Mount Tambuyukon in northern Borneo. This natricine snake has a mildly toxic saliva and feeds primarily on frogs. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Leaf-nosed Pit Viper (Craspedocephalus borneensis) is a well-camouflaged snake, frequently occuring on the forest floor or in low vegetation. They strike readily when disturbed. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Fire-lipped Keelback (Rhabdophis murudensis) is a rare snake known only from the higher mountains of northern Borneo.  When threatened, it has the remarkable ability to exude a white milky venom from the back of its neck as a defensive mechanism. Gunung Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of the most dangerous snakes in New Guinea: the Smooth-scaled Death Adder (Acanthophis laevis). Like vipers, these snakes are thick-bodied with a wide triangular head and are relatively slow moving, preferring to lie in wait for suitable prey to venture within striking distance. However, their resemblance to vipers (and true adders) is only superficial - they are actually members of the family Elapidae, which includes cobras, kraits, and coral snakes. Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • While pythons undoubtedly hold the crown for the largest and most famous constricting snakes of Indonesia, a single genus of boas also occurs in the rainforests of the eastern archipelago. Often overlooked, the Pacific Keel-scaled Boa (Candoia carinata) seldom exceeds a meter in length. It is an ambush predator of frogs and lizards, and like other boas, bears live young rather than laying eggs. Digul River, South Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • The bold coloration of the Red-headed Krait (Bungarus flaviceps) is a warning to would-be predators of the highly potent venom it possesses. This large elapid feeds primarily on other reptiles including lizards and snakes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Pilbara Death Adder (Acanthophis wellsi) from the desert regions of Western Australia. Although superficially resembling vipers by their stout body and habit of ambushing prey, death adders are actually elapids and more closely related to cobras, kraits, and coral snakes. Cape Range National Park, Western Australia.
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  • Having been isolated for over 80 million years, the unique biota of Madagascar poses many interesting questions to those who study biogeography. This Madagascar Tree Boa (Sanzinia madagascariensis) is one of four species of boas present on the island, noteworthy because by contrast the large constricting snakes of the nearest landmasses (Africa and Asia) are all pythons. Herpetologists don't yet know the answer to this enigma, but recent evidence supports one theory that boas may have existed on Madagascar in the ancient past when it was still connected to Gondwanaland. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Vogel’s Pit Viper (Trimeresurus vogeli). Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Sabah Keelback (Hebius flavifrons). Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sabah Bamboo Pitviper (Trimeresurus sabahi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Flat-nosed Pitviper (Craspedocephalus puniceus). West Java, Indonesia.
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  • Ecuadorian Toadheaded Pitviper (Bothrocophias campbelli). Mashpi Amagusa Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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  • Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis terrificus). Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Banded Malaysian Coralsnake (Calliophis intestinalis). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Usambara Eyelash Viper (Atheris ceratophora). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus) is an arboreal species, often laying in wait for prey on the same branch for weeks at a time. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Short Python (Python breitensteini). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Triangle Keelback (Xenochrophis trianguligerus). Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Godman's Montane Pit Viper (Cerrophidion godmani). El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.
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  • Amazon Tree Boa (Corallus hortulanus). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Brown-tailed Racer (Gonyosoma oxycephalum). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Despite its appearance and usually fearsome disposition, the Dusky Mock Viper (Psammodynastes pulverulentus) possesses only a weak venom and is not dangerous to humans. It feeds on lizards and frogs. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Keeled Green Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus subannulatus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • With an adult size of less than one meter in length, the beautifully patterned Children's Python (Antaresia childreni) is one of the smallest pythons. Cape Range National Park, Exmouth, Western Australia.
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  • Flat-nosed Pitviper (Craspedocephalus puniceus). West Java, Indonesia.
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  • Catesby's Snail-eater (Dipsas catesbyi). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Hump-nosed Viper (Hypnale zara). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Illuminated by a stray beam of sunlight, a Hognosed Viper (Porthidium nasutum) lies in wait on the forest floor, providing a reminder of why hikers are advised to wear high boots when walking in the Chocó rainforest off trails. These habitats are some of the richest in all South America, with a high number of endemic reptiles that are separated from their Amazonian relatives by the Andes mountain range. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
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  • Although completely non-venomous, the Painted Mock Viper (Psammodynastes pictus) defends itself by aggressively striking if threatened. It often hunts aquatic animals such as frogs and fish by perching on a low branch over the surface of the water. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus) is a highly venomous species, ranging throughout much of Southeast Asia.  Like other green vipers it is an arboreal ambush predator. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Short-tailed Python (Python breitensteini). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Beauty Ratsnake (Elaphe taeniura grabowskyi) is an adept climber, capable of scaling limestone cave walls where it feeds on roosting bats and swiftlets. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Carpet Python (Morelia spilota). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Venezuela’s fabled tabletop mountains may have once inspired Arthur Conan Doyle’s science fiction novel “The Lost World”, where he imagined the summits to be home to a plethora of gigantic prehistoric creatures that had been separated from the evolution of life on the rest of the planet for eons of time. Disappointingly, dinosaurs were never found on these mountains and, despite being home to many endemics and indeed a fair share of “living fossils”, recent genetic studies have shown that many species in fact have likely arrived well after the tepuis had been fully formed. This reveals that the imposing rocky cliffs, which seemingly isolate the summits from the jungles below, may not be as significant a physical barrier for dispersal as once believed. This young Boddaert's Tropical Racer (Mastigodryas boddaerti), encountered on the plateau of Auyán Tepui, is a widespread species in northern South America, and although prey is scarce on these mountaintops, it presumably hunts for endemic frogs.  Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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  • Green Tree Python (Morelia azurea), juvenile.
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • White-lipped Python (Leiopython albertisii). West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Terciopelo (Bothrops asper). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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