Chien C. Lee

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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata), a Critically Endangered species and undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of all lemurs. Entirely dependent on tall undisturbed rainforests, these lemurs are threatened by habitat loss and are suffering from an island-wide population decline. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A juvenile Parson's Chameleon (Calumma parsoni). More frequently occurring in shades of green, this is one of the world's largest chameleons, with adult specimens sometimes reaching the size of a house cat. They are endemic to rainforest habitats on Madagascar and are threatened by both habitat loss and collection for the international pet trade. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Threatened by habitat loss and hunting pressure, the Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra nigra) is now listed as Critically Endangered. This species lives only in forested areas at the northernmost tip of the island of Sulawesi. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Threatened with encroaching cultivation and forest loss, a Southern Purple-Faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus) enters a tea plantation to feed on the fresh young leaves. These endangered monkeys are endemic to Sri Lanka’s southern wet forests, and although once widespread, are now facing severe habitat fragmentation due to roads and settlements. This can lead to human conflicts where the monkeys are inevitably forced to exploit agricultural areas for food. Sinharaja National Park. Sri Lanka.
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  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • One of the world's most endangered primates, the Bornean Banded Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas) has been threatened by both habitat loss and hunting. Now, only a few isolated populations remain in coastal Sarawak, with an estimated total of just a few hundred individuals. They feed on foliage and fruits in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A jewel of Ecuador’s high-elevation cloud forests is the spectacular Plate-billed Mountain Toucan (Andigena laminirostris). Unlike the more familiar toucans of lowland rainforests, these birds inhabit the coldest and wettest mountains of the Andes. Despite their predilection for these remote habitats, they are threatened by both habitat loss and capture for the pet trade. Mindo, Ecuador.
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  • Only distantly related to other mongooses, the Narrow-striped Mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) is actually a member of the family Eupleridae and descendant from the same lineage as the much larger Fossa. Active by day, these small predators are endemic to the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar where they live in small matriarchal family groups. Having only a patchy distribution, they are severely threatened by habitat loss. Kirindy Reserve, Madagascar.
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  • Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Madagascar Plover (Charadrius thoracicus). Toliara, Madagascar.
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Sri Lankan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites). Yala National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Nycticebus menagensis. One of four species of Slow Loris found in Borneo. All Slow Loris are nocturnal arboreal primates which feed on small animals, insects and soft fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Goodman's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus lehilahytsara), feeding on the nectar of night-blooming Dombeya flowers. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • A young Parson's Chameleon (Calumma parsonii) in the rainforest of Masoala National Park. Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Coronated Tree Frog (Triprion spinosus). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Like some kind of karmic balance, it has often been remarked that the more plain-looking a bird is, the more beautiful its song, whereas those bestowed with gorgeous plumage tend to have simple calls. Research across hundreds of bird species has revealed a negative correlation between these traits, suggesting that there may be a trade-off in visual vs. acoustic signals when it comes to attracting mates. Likely falling at one end of this spectrum, Birds-of-paradise certainly are among the most extravagantly ornamented species in the world, but their highly varied calls often consist of harsh squawks and penetrating whistles, which although extremely loud are anything but melodious. Here, a male Wilson’s BoP (Cicinnurus respublica) raucously advertises his presence above his display ground, though if a female approaches he will fall silent and rely on his feathers for the real game of courtship. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Scat of Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) on the peristome of Nepenthes rajah. This will be washed into the pitcher with rain where it becomes a vital source of nutrients for the plant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Borneo Necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix graydoni), considered by some to be a subspecies of Chestnut-necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix charltonii) from mainland Southeast Asia. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • One of Borneo's most famous endemic mammals, the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is restricted to coastal swamp forests and mangroves. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Cinnamon Tree Frog (Nyctixalus pictus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gursky's Spectral Tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae), juvenile. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The endemic Sulawesi Warty Pig (Sus celebensis) occurs in a variety of habitats ranging from lowland to montane rainforest. Although its only natural predator is the Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus), its populations across the island have been in decline due to habitat loss. Gorontalo, Indonesia.
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  • The Earless Monitor Lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) is endemic to Borneo where it lives in rocky stream habitats in lowland rainforest. Because of its extreme rarity (it is known from only a few specimens), its life history remains unstudied. It is the only species within its entire family (Lanthanotidae) and was once though to be the missing link between lizards and snakes. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) is endemic to Borneo and nearby Karimata Island, with several subspecies occurring throughout its range. Like other leaf monkeys they are almost completely arboreal and feed on foliage, seeds, and some fruits.  Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia.
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  • A Small-toothed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur microdon) peers curiously from its tree hole in the montane forest of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Usually emerging only at night, sportive lemurs frequently wake to keep a watchful eye out for intruders into their territory. Not long ago only 8 species of Lepilemur were known from Madagascar, but recent molecular work has resulted in at least 26 distinct species now being recognized, with more sure to follow.
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  • A Bornean Bearded Pig (Sus barbatus) forages for food in a mangrove swamp during low tide.
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  • Lemur Leaf Frog (Agalychnis lemur). Limón, Costa Rica.
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  • The bizarre and rare Bornean Bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala) is one of the most enigmatic birds of Borneo and is highly sought after by birdwatchers. It is the only member of its family and its nearest relations to other birds has been highly debated. Bristleheads are found in small nomadic flocks traveling in the middle to upper canopy where they feed on insects. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Dung-eating pitcher plant (Nepenthes lowii), endemic to Borneo. Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi), mother with young. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Rufous-headed Ground-roller (Atelornis crossleyi). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus), juvenile. Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Marañón White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus yuracus). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Northern Ceylonese Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus). North Western Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • The Chocoan Rainforest along the Pacific coast of Panama, Colombia, and northern Ecuador is one of the world's most endangered rainforest habitats. It is separated from the Amazon rainforest by the Andes mountains, and is home to a great diversity of endemic species. Utría National Natural Park, Colombia.
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  • In the dim understory of the forest floor the color of this poison dart frog (Oophaga solanensis) seem almost too fantastic to be real. Like other dendrobatid frogs, these colors serve as a warning signal of their toxicity. This species is endemic to the coastal rainforests of Colombia. Choco, Colombia.
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  • Endemic to the summit of a single mountain in Borneo, the extremely rare Widow Slender Toad (Ansonia vidua) is known from only a handful of specimens, all of which are female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • At only 12cm in length, the Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher (Ceyx fallax) is one of the smallest kingfishers. It is a bird of the forest, feeding on small lizards and insects, and is endemic to Sulawesi and a few offshore islands, although scarce and patchily distributed. Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Giraffe Weevil (Trachelophorus giraffa), male. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes edwardsiana). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica), juvenile. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A newly distinguished species, the Kayan Loris (Nycticebus kayan) differs from other Bornean loris species by a combination of morphological traits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Earless Monitor Lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) is endemic to Borneo where it lives in rocky stream habitats in lowland rainforest. Because of its extreme rarity (it is known from only a few specimens), its life history remains unstudied. It is the only species within its entire family (Lanthanotidae) but it is related to the true monitor lizards (Varanidae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The rigid armour-like scales of the Pangolin (Manis javanica) afford it a high degree of protection from predators.  The scales are considered as valuable in Chinese medicine, and the animal is frequently hunted for this reason. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • White-fronted Brown Lemur (Eulemur albifrons), male. Marojejy National Park, Antsiranana, Madagascar.
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  • A female Bornean Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) with her young infant. Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The rare and elusive Gurney's Pitta (Pitta gurneyi) is regarded as one of the world's most endangered birds.  Until recently this species was known from less than 20 individuals all occurring in a single reserve in southern Thailand.  Following the discovery of additional populations in southern Myanmar in 2003, the status Gurney's Pitta was downgraded from Critically Endangered to Endangered.  This species occurs only in flat lowland rainforest, a rapidly disappearing habitat in this region due to logging and oil-palm plantations. The adult male bird pictured here sports a leg band from a recent population survey. Krabi, Thailand.
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  • Mareeba Rock Wallaby (Petrogale mareeba). Queensland, Australia.
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  • The endangered Bear Monkey (Trachypithecus vetulus monticola) is endemic the mountain forests of Sri Lanka. Central Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). Volcanoes National Park, Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
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  • A non-climbing species, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata) grows only on the vertical faces of tall limestone cliffs in Borneo. It is so difficult to observe in habitat that it was once thought to be extinct. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque (Macaca hecki) occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi borneensis), captive female. This is the largest land predator in Borneo and possesses the longest canine teeth of any living feline. It is a nocturnal hunter and has been observed feeding on prey as large as large as Proboscis Monkeys. Recently this species was distinguished from the mainland Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The shy Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is a large megapode bird endemic to Sulawesi. They do not build nests but instead bury their eggs in huge pits dug in hot volcanic sand. The precocious young are able to fly and fend for themselves immediately after hatching. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Rufous-collared Kingfisher (Actenoides concretus), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Kerangas Bush Frog (Philautus kerangae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Blooming high in a moss-laden tree of Ranomafana’s montane forest, this epiphytic orchid (Aerangis fastuosa) exhales an alluring perfume at night to attract its desired pollinator: hawk moths. Madagascar has many such night-active orchids, most of which sport long tapered nectaries that can only be reached by the long tongues of their associated moths. With over a thousand species, the orchids of Madagascar are exceptionally diverse. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A Horsfield's Tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus) on the prowl for food in the rainforest of western Borneo. These tiny primates are exclusively carnivorous, hunting insects, small lizards, and even snakes by leaping deftly through the thick forest understory and snatching prey with their long nimble fingers. Unlike most other nocturnal mammals which possess a reflective layer behind their retina to help with night vision, tarsiers instead compensate by having enormous eyes. In fact, this species sports the largest eyes in relation to its body size of any mammal in the world - these are locked in place and the animal is only able to shift its vision by rotating its head. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The critically endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus) is restricted to wet rainforests of Madagascar's southeast where it is highly dependent on Cathariostachys bamboo. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • With fewer than a thousand individuals remaining in the wild, the Critically Endangered Golden Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur aureus) holds on to a tenuous existence in the rainforests of Madagascar. It’s discovery in the mid-1980’s was a crucial factor that led to the foundation of the now famous Ranomafana National Park – a reserve that protects over 400 sq. km. of tropical forest. Like other bamboo lemurs, it feeds primarily on bamboo shoots which, due to their high cyanide content, are lethally toxic to most other animals. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Nepenthes macrophylla. This rare montane pitcher plant is endemic only to the summit of Gunung Trusmadi, Malaysia's second highest mountain. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mareeba Rock Wallaby (Petrogale mareeba). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Endemic to the spiny forests of southern Madagascar, the dainty Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) is the smallest of the island’s five tortoise species – with shell lengths of only 10-12 cm it can comfortably sit in the palm of your hand. Like most of its close relatives it is Critically Endangered, having suffered greatly in recent years from habitat loss (clearing, wildfires, and invasive plants), hunting for food, and poaching for the pet trade. One reason they are so vulnerable to threats is because of their extremely slow reproduction rate: despite a lifespan of up to 70 years a female will usually lay only a single egg at a time which can take over 8 months of incubating before hatching. Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Ryabov's Bug-eyed Frog (Theloderma ryabovi), female. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
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  • Hose’s Civet (Diplogale hosei), one of Borneo’s rarest and least known endemic mammals. This otter-like carnivore is an inhabitant of high elevation mossy forests where it hunts for frogs, fish, and other small animals. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) pauses for a break while munching on his chosen leaf. Endemic to Borneo and a few offshore islands, these leaf monkeys feed on a wide range of foliage and unripe fruits, traveling in groups of up to a dozen individuals. One theory regarding their distinctive bright orange coloration is that this may help to confuse some predators into mistaking them for a much larger and stronger Orangutan, and thus deter attacks. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A well-camouflaged Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) scales a mossy tree trunk in the submontane rainforest of western Borneo. Although little is known about the life history of this rare species, it is an agile climber and is probably highly arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Spinomantis elegans, a cave-dwelling frog from high mountains in southeastern Madagascar. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Rainbow frog (Scaphiophryne gottlebei). Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Island Scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Santa Cruz Island, California, USA.
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  • Sulawesi Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis). Gorontalo, Sulawesi.
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  • Southern Purple-faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • The Diabolical Nightjar (Eurostopodus diabolicus) produces such an eerie call that local people in Sulawesi hold the superstitious belief that it is a demonic entity, hence its name. The life history of this rare bird is very poorly known as until recently only a single specimen had ever been found. Like other nightjars it rests by day on the ground, using its superb camouflage to escape detection from predators. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Schlegel's Asity (Philepitta schlegeli), endemic to Madagascar. Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Once considered one of the three most elusive birds in the world, the Long-tailed Ground Roller (Uratelornis chimaera) is a prized sighting for any birdwatcher. The entire family of Ground Rollers (Brachypteraciidae, 5 species) is endemic to Madagascr, but while most are inhabitants of rainforest, this is the only species found in in the arid spiny desert of the island’s extreme southwest. Even within this region it has as very restricted distribution and occurs at low densities, with only a few birds per square kilometer. Adapted for running swiftly on the ground with their powerful legs, these birds hunt for insects and small animals in the sand and leaf-litter. Toliara, Madagascar.
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  • Madagascar’s largest land predator, the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox). This receptive female has climbed a tall tree where she waits for a male who is able to join her on one of the upper branches. Reaching her isn’t always an easy task for the males, which are considerably larger and heavier, and they often face fierce competition when attempting to do so. Kirindy Reserve, Madagascar.
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  • Vogelkop Ringtail (Pseudochirulus schlegeli), one of New Guinea’s least studied possums, being known from only a few specimens. Like other ringtails, they are strictly nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on fruit and leaves. Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The least known of all of Sulawesi's monkeys, Heck's Macaque occurs on the northwestern portion of the island. Five other endemic species of macaque are distributed in different regions of Sulawesi, occasionally producing hybrids where their ranges overlap. All are diurnal and feed largely on fruits. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • One of the most beautiful of all pitcher plants, Nepenthes edwardsiana produces enormous cylindrical pitchers which are strikingly colored. It is endemic to the Mount Kinabalu region in northern Borneo.
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  • The Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) is endemic to Borneo and nearby Karimata Island, with several subspecies occurring throughout its range. Like other leaf monkeys they are almost completely arboreal and feed on foliage, seeds, and some fruits. Sabah, Malaysia.
    cld1408346.jpg
  • The bizarre and rare Bornean Bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala) is one of the most enigmatic birds of Borneo and is highly sought after by birdwatchers. It is the only member of its family and its nearest relations to other birds has been highly debated. Bristleheads are found in small nomadic flocks traveling in the middle to upper canopy where they feed on insects. Sabah, Malaysia.
    cld1405089.jpg
  • Marojejy Mantella (Mantella manery). Marojejy National Park, Madagascar.
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  • The Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra nigra) is one of four monkey species endemic to Sulawesi.  They are sometimes wrongly referred to as apes because their tail is extremely small and difficult to see.  They travel mostly on the ground in large groups of up to nearly 100 individuals. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to the mountains of northern Borneo, the rare and secretive Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) is known from only a handful of specimens and sight records. Like other frogmouths it is a nocturnal insectivore and by day sleeps motionless on a branch disguised as a cluster of dead leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus), subadult male. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Like other langurs, Silvered Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus cristatus) are highly social and travel in cohesive groups numbering up to 40 or more individuals. They have a specialized diet, feeding almost exclusively on high-protein leaves. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • This large male Northwest Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) is just beginning to develop cheek pads, a sign of maturity and placing his age to perhaps between 15 to 20 years. Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A male White-crowned Hornbill (Berenicornis comatus).  Unlike many other of the larger Bornean hornbills, this species spends much of its time in the middle and lower forest storeys. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Although shy, the Bearded Pig (Sus barbatus) is abundant in the forests of Borneo, and its presence is usually indicated by diggings and wallows left as they forage for food on the forest floor. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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