Chien C. Lee

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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Without seeing it move, you could almost mistake the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) for a bright orange plastic toy. This is one of Madagascar’s most endangered amphibians and is an icon for conservation of the island’s threatened wildlife. Efforts targeted at protecting this frog’s habitat, coupled with ex-situ breeding programs and reintroduction have helped to protect it from extinction in the wild, but it remains highly threatened and is still known to exist at only two small isolated patches of rainforest. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Threatened by habitat loss and hunting pressure, the Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra nigra) is now listed as Critically Endangered. This species lives only in forested areas at the northernmost tip of the island of Sulawesi. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata), a Critically Endangered species and undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of all lemurs. Entirely dependent on tall undisturbed rainforests, these lemurs are threatened by habitat loss and are suffering from an island-wide population decline. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A juvenile Parson's Chameleon (Calumma parsoni). More frequently occurring in shades of green, this is one of the world's largest chameleons, with adult specimens sometimes reaching the size of a house cat. They are endemic to rainforest habitats on Madagascar and are threatened by both habitat loss and collection for the international pet trade. Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Only distantly related to other mongooses, the Narrow-striped Mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) is actually a member of the family Eupleridae and descendant from the same lineage as the much larger Fossa. Active by day, these small predators are endemic to the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar where they live in small matriarchal family groups. Having only a patchy distribution, they are severely threatened by habitat loss. Kirindy Reserve, Madagascar.
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  • With its rough skin texture and mottled green coloration, it’s easy to see how the Mossy Rain Frog (Pristimantis museosus) is well equipped to blend in with the damp forests in which it dwells. This frog is endemic to the mountains of central Panama, a region which has seen drastic declines in many amphibians over the past few decades due to the introduction of the virulent chytrid fungus. Like other species of Pristimantis, the females of P. museosus lay large eggs that do not require water – the tadpoles transform into froglets entirely within the egg itself. This adaptation may have provided this species with some protection against chytrid, since the fungus most easily transfers among those species which breed in bodies of water. Nevertheless, this frog remains highly threatened and has disappeared from multiple sites across its range. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • Threatened with encroaching cultivation and forest loss, a Southern Purple-Faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus) enters a tea plantation to feed on the fresh young leaves. These endangered monkeys are endemic to Sri Lanka’s southern wet forests, and although once widespread, are now facing severe habitat fragmentation due to roads and settlements. This can lead to human conflicts where the monkeys are inevitably forced to exploit agricultural areas for food. Sinharaja National Park. Sri Lanka.
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  • Endemic to the Bird's Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, the Vogelkop Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) has become increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea).
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  • A jewel of Ecuador’s high-elevation cloud forests is the spectacular Plate-billed Mountain Toucan (Andigena laminirostris). Unlike the more familiar toucans of lowland rainforests, these birds inhabit the coldest and wettest mountains of the Andes. Despite their predilection for these remote habitats, they are threatened by both habitat loss and capture for the pet trade. Mindo, Ecuador.
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  • One of the world's most endangered primates, the Sarawak Surili (Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas) has been threatened by both habitat loss and hunting. Now, only a few isolated populations remain in coastal Sarawak, with an estimated total of just a few hundred individuals. They feed on foliage and fruits in lowland rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Canopy Slug-eating Snake (Sibon canopy), a new species described in January 2023, endemic to Panama. Panamá Oeste, Panama.
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  • Eastern African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.
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  • Wide-headed Tree Frog (Leptopelis grandiceps). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Bulwer's Pheasant (Lophura bulweri), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Knobbed Hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix), male perched outside of tree hole nest where he passes food to the female enclosed within. North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Amboasary, Madagascar.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes northiana). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Rufous-collared Kingfisher (Actenoides concretus), female. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Sungai Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Nepenthes distillatoria, a Sri Lankan endemic and the only pitcher plant species occurring on the island.
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  • Sri Lankan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites). Yala National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Nycticebus menagensis. One of four species of Slow Loris found in Borneo. All Slow Loris are nocturnal arboreal primates which feed on small animals, insects and soft fruits. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Without a single sighting in nearly 90 years, the Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) was considered possibly extinct and listed by Conservation International as one of the "10 Most Wanted Amphibians". The species was rediscovered in 2011 by a team of herpetologists from the University of Malaysia Sarawak, although it remains extremely rare and little is known of its ecology or behavior. This brings a glimmer of hope in a time of global mass amphibian extinctions. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Endemic to the mountains of central Sulawesi, the stream-breeding Loka Flying Frog (Rhacophorus monticola) is highly variable in coloration. South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus). Da Nang, Vietnam.
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  • Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Endemic to northern Borneo, the Black-and-crimson Pitta (Pitta ussheri) is a shy forest bird which feeds on worms and other terrestrial invertebrates. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), infant. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Marañón White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus yuracus). Yasuní National Park, Ecuador.
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  • Sabah Partridge (Tropicoperdix graydoni), considered by some to be a subspecies of Chestnut-necklaced Partridge (Tropicoperdix charltonii) from mainland Southeast Asia. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of Borneo's most famous endemic mammals, the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is restricted to coastal swamp forests and mangroves. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Blue-legged Mantella (Mantella expectata), found only from a few locations in Madagascar's arid southwest. Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Cinnamon Tree Frog (Nyctixalus pictus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes edwardsiana). Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Grandidier's Baobab (Adansonia grandidieri). The baobab trees of Madagascar are such an iconic sight that it's easy to overlook the fact that some species are highly endangered. In addition to habitat loss, Madagascar baobabs have very poor seedling survival rates and young trees are a rare find. It is theorized that their large pulpy fruits were only consumed by now extinct animals such as giant tortoises, baboon-like lemurs, and the enormous elephant birds, which served to disperse the tree's seeds. Since some of these animals only disappeared in the past thousand years it is quite possible that the oldest trees existing today germinated from the dung of Madagascar's lost megafauna. Morondava, Madagascar.
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  • Lion (Panthera leo). Moremi Game Reserve, Ngamiland, Botswana.
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  • Where their ranges overlap, Heck's Macaque (Macaca hecki) and Tonkean Macaque (Macaca tonkeana) form a natural hybrid population, with all these individuals showing intermediate characteristics between the two species. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • The shy Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is a large megapode bird endemic to Sulawesi. They do not build nests but instead bury their eggs in huge pits dug in hot volcanic sand. The precocious young are able to fly and fend for themselves immediately after hatching. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Yellow Mantella (Mantella crocea). Andasibe, Madagascar.
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  • Kerangas Bush Frog (Philautus kerangae). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes sibuyanensis). This large pitcher plant is endemic to the ultramafic Mount Guiting-guiting on Sibuyan Island, Philippines.
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  • With fewer than a thousand individuals remaining in the wild, the Critically Endangered Golden Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur aureus) holds on to a tenuous existence in the rainforests of Madagascar. It’s discovery in the mid-1980’s was a crucial factor that led to the foundation of the now famous Ranomafana National Park – a reserve that protects over 400 sq. km. of tropical forest. Like other bamboo lemurs, it feeds primarily on bamboo shoots which, due to their high cyanide content, are lethally toxic to most other animals. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Madagascar Plover (Charadrius thoracicus). Toliara, Madagascar.
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  • Sulawesi Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis). Gorontalo, Sulawesi.
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  • Hump-nosed lizard photo (Lyriocephalus scutatus), male. Sinharaja National Park, Southern Province, Sri Lanka.
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  • Once considered one of the three most elusive birds in the world, the Long-tailed Ground Roller (Uratelornis chimaera) is a prized sighting for any birdwatcher. The entire family of Ground Rollers (Brachypteraciidae, 5 species) is endemic to Madagascr, but while most are inhabitants of rainforest, this is the only species found in in the arid spiny desert of the island’s extreme southwest. Even within this region it has as very restricted distribution and occurs at low densities, with only a few birds per square kilometer. Adapted for running swiftly on the ground with their powerful legs, these birds hunt for insects and small animals in the sand and leaf-litter. Toliara, Madagascar.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • One of the most beautiful of all pitcher plants, Nepenthes edwardsiana produces enormous cylindrical pitchers which are strikingly colored. It is endemic to the Mount Kinabalu region in northern Borneo.
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  • Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) feeding at Nepenthes rajah.  Recent research has shown the the world's largest pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah is not exclusively carnivorous. Like the related N. lowii, this species attracts treeshrews by secreting nectar on the undersurface of the lid. These animals frequently leave their droppings in the pitcher, which serves as a valuable nitrogen source in their impoverished mountain habitat. Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A view of a hanging Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) from below reveals its remarkable face. The elaborate noseleaves help the bat to focus its echolocation calls, with the various parts shaped for different frequencies. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • An adult male Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus) keeps a watchful eye out for any threats to his harem of females. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Leopard (Panthera pardus), juvenile. Ngamiland, Botswana.
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  • Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (Ailurops ursinus). North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Niah Cave Gecko (Cyrtodactylus cavernicolus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sharp-nosed Chameleon (Kinyongia oxyrhina), male. Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Usambara Eyelash Viper (Atheris ceratophora). Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.
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  • Coronated Tree Frog (Triprion spinosus). Cartago, Costa Rica.
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  • Bornean Frogmouth (Batrachostomus mixtus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Grandidier's Baobab (Adansonia grandidieri). Morondava, Madagascar.
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  • Blooming high in a moss-laden tree of Ranomafana’s montane forest, this epiphytic orchid (Aerangis fastuosa) exhales an alluring perfume at night to attract its desired pollinator: hawk moths. Madagascar has many such night-active orchids, most of which sport long tapered nectaries that can only be reached by the long tongues of their associated moths. With over a thousand species, the orchids of Madagascar are exceptionally diverse. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • The Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron napoleonis) is a shy ground-dwelling bird endemic to the rainforests the island of Palawan, Philippines.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes bicalcarata). Normally occuring only in shady peat swamp forests, this species occasionally grows in open heath-like peat bogs. It is endemic to Borneo. Sarawak, Malaysia.
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  • Red-fronted Brown Lemur (Eulemur rufifrons). Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • The critically endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus) is restricted to wet rainforests of Madagascar's southeast where it is highly dependent on Cathariostachys bamboo. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Spinomantis elegans, a cave-dwelling frog from high mountains in southeastern Madagascar. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Owston's Palm Civet (Chrotogale owstoni), a nocturnal carnivore from Laos and Vietnam, is a highly vulnerable species due to illegal poaching. Captive. Endangered Primate Rescue Centre, Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam.
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  • Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Formally described in 2009, this pitcher plant (Nepenthes bokorensis) is endemic to the Kampot province of southern Cambodia where it grows on rocky montane plateaus amid scrub and short forest.
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  • Nepenthes macrophylla. This rare montane pitcher plant is endemic only to the summit of Gunung Trusmadi, Malaysia's second highest mountain. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Mareeba Rock Wallaby (Petrogale mareeba). Queensland, Australia.
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  • Like some kind of karmic balance, it has often been remarked that the more plain-looking a bird is, the more beautiful its song, whereas those bestowed with gorgeous plumage tend to have simple calls. Research across hundreds of bird species has revealed a negative correlation between these traits, suggesting that there may be a trade-off in visual vs. acoustic signals when it comes to attracting mates. Likely falling at one end of this spectrum, Birds-of-paradise certainly are among the most extravagantly ornamented species in the world, but their highly varied calls often consist of harsh squawks and penetrating whistles, which although extremely loud are anything but melodious. Here, a male Wilson’s BoP (Cicinnurus respublica) raucously advertises his presence above his display ground, though if a female approaches he will fall silent and rely on his feathers for the real game of courtship. Waigeo Island, West Papua, Indonesia.
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  • Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), male in breeding plumage. Despite their appearance, these birds are closely related to Asian broadbills; their slender beaks representing an example of convergence with sunbirds due to their nectar-feeding habits. Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.
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  • A Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus) munches on a handful of young vine leaves it has picked in the forest canopy. Although these endangered monkeys feed on over sixty different species of plants, they select their food carefully and in particular avoid sweet fruits which can upset the balance of bacteria in their guts. Like other leaf-eating colobine monkeys, doucs have large chambered stomachs – making them the only ruminant primates and giving them their characteristic pot-bellied appearance. Son Tra Nature Reserve, Vietnam.
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  • Pitcher plant (Nepenthes campanulata), a limestone lithophytic carnivorous plant, here growing on a cliff 250m above the rainforest canopy. Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ryabov's Bug-eyed Frog (Theloderma ryabovi), female. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
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  • Hose’s Civet (Diplogale hosei), one of Borneo’s rarest and least known endemic mammals. This otter-like carnivore is an inhabitant of high elevation mossy forests where it hunts for frogs, fish, and other small animals. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Ryabov's Bug-eyed Frog (Theloderma ryabovi), female. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
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  • A Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) pauses for a break while munching on his chosen leaf. Endemic to Borneo and a few offshore islands, these leaf monkeys feed on a wide range of foliage and unripe fruits, traveling in groups of up to a dozen individuals. One theory regarding their distinctive bright orange coloration is that this may help to confuse some predators into mistaking them for a much larger and stronger Orangutan, and thus deter attacks. Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), female. Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • A well-camouflaged Borneo Rainbow Toad (Ansonia latidisca) scales a mossy tree trunk in the submontane rainforest of western Borneo. Although little is known about the life history of this rare species, it is an agile climber and is probably highly arboreal. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Island Scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Santa Cruz Island, California, USA.
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  • Scat of Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) on the peristome of Nepenthes rajah. This will be washed into the pitcher with rain where it becomes a vital source of nutrients for the plant. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Heck's Macaque (Macaca hecki) x Tonkean Macaque (Macaca tonkeana), natural hybrid population. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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  • Blue-headed Pitta (Hydrornis baudii), male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Northeast Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio), adult male. Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Sri Lanka Rock Frog (Nannophrys ceylonensis). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Southern Purple-faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus). Sinharaja National Park, Sri Lanka.
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  • Bornean Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus). Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The bright orange coloration of this infant Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus cristatus) helps them to be seen and hence guarded by the entire troop. They will gradually lose this coloration after 3 months of age. Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • Similar to the Dendrobatid poison frogs, harlequin toads (Atelopus spp.) are also brightly colored, day-active, and highly toxic. They also comprise one of the most endangered groups of amphibians in the neotropics, with many species listed as Critically Endangered and others presumed extinct in the wild. Aside from habitat loss and threats from introduced species, they appear particularly susceptible to the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus, which has completely wiped out many wild populations. This Atelopus spurrelli is endemic to the Chocóan rainforest of coastal Colombia.
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  • A pair of Madagascar Hoopoes (Upupa marginata) perch outside of their cliffside nest burrow. Isalo National Park, Madagascar.
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  • Compact clumps of the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes campanulata grow on the vertical walls of a limestone cliff nearly a hundred meters above the canopy of the rainforest. Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo).
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  • The Diabolical Nightjar (Eurostopodus diabolicus) produces such an eerie call that local people in Sulawesi hold the superstitious belief that it is a demonic entity, hence its name. The life history of this rare bird is very poorly known as until recently only a single specimen had ever been found. Like other nightjars it rests by day on the ground, using its superb camouflage to escape detection from predators. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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